HESI MILESTONE 2 COMPREHENSIVE
EXAMINATION | HESI / ELSEVIER LATEST UPDATED
2026-2027 ACTUAL FINAL EXAM PREP WITH ALL
POSSIBLE TESTED QUESTIONS AND 100% CORRECT
VERIFIED ANSWERS WITH DETAILED RATIONALES
PLUS CERTIFIED ANSWER KEY RATED A+ GRADE
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
1. Which structure is responsible for filtering blood and forming urine?
A) Ureter
B) Bladder
C) Nephron
D) Urethra
The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering blood,
reabsorbing nutrients, and forming urine.
2. What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
A) Transport oxygen to tissues
B) Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
C) Produce red blood cells
D) Regulate body temperature
The respiratory system's primary function is gas exchange—oxygen enters the
blood and carbon dioxide is expelled.
3. Which chamber of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body?
A) Right atrium
B) Right ventricle
,C) Left ventricle
D) Left atrium
The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood through the aorta to systemic
circulation.
4. The hormone insulin is produced by which cells?
A) Alpha cells of the pancreas
B) Beta cells of the pancreas
C) Delta cells of the pancreas
D) Acinar cells of the pancreas
Beta cells in the islets of Langerhans produce insulin to lower blood glucose
levels.
5. Which part of the brain controls balance and coordination?
A) Cerebrum
B) Medulla oblongata
C) Cerebellum
D) Hypothalamus
The cerebellum is responsible for balance, coordination, and fine motor control.
6. What type of joint is the knee?
A) Ball and socket
B) Pivot
C) Hinge
D) Saddle
The knee is a hinge joint allowing flexion and extension movements.
7. Which blood vessel carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs?
A) Aorta
B) Pulmonary artery
, C) Pulmonary vein
D) Superior vena cava
The pulmonary artery is unique because it carries deoxygenated blood from the
right ventricle to the lungs.
8. The process of bone formation is called:
A) Osteolysis
B) Ossification
C) Hematopoiesis
D) Calcification
Ossification is the process by which bone tissue is formed.
9. Which organ produces bile?
A) Gallbladder
B) Pancreas
C) Liver
D) Spleen
The liver produces bile, which is stored in the gallbladder and aids in fat
digestion.
10. What is the normal pH range of arterial blood?
A) 6.8-7.2
B) 7.35-7.45
C) 7.50-7.60
D) 6.5-7.0
Normal arterial blood pH is tightly regulated between 7.35 and 7.45.
11. Which muscle is the primary muscle of respiration?
A) External intercostals
B) Diaphragm
EXAMINATION | HESI / ELSEVIER LATEST UPDATED
2026-2027 ACTUAL FINAL EXAM PREP WITH ALL
POSSIBLE TESTED QUESTIONS AND 100% CORRECT
VERIFIED ANSWERS WITH DETAILED RATIONALES
PLUS CERTIFIED ANSWER KEY RATED A+ GRADE
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
1. Which structure is responsible for filtering blood and forming urine?
A) Ureter
B) Bladder
C) Nephron
D) Urethra
The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering blood,
reabsorbing nutrients, and forming urine.
2. What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
A) Transport oxygen to tissues
B) Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
C) Produce red blood cells
D) Regulate body temperature
The respiratory system's primary function is gas exchange—oxygen enters the
blood and carbon dioxide is expelled.
3. Which chamber of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body?
A) Right atrium
B) Right ventricle
,C) Left ventricle
D) Left atrium
The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood through the aorta to systemic
circulation.
4. The hormone insulin is produced by which cells?
A) Alpha cells of the pancreas
B) Beta cells of the pancreas
C) Delta cells of the pancreas
D) Acinar cells of the pancreas
Beta cells in the islets of Langerhans produce insulin to lower blood glucose
levels.
5. Which part of the brain controls balance and coordination?
A) Cerebrum
B) Medulla oblongata
C) Cerebellum
D) Hypothalamus
The cerebellum is responsible for balance, coordination, and fine motor control.
6. What type of joint is the knee?
A) Ball and socket
B) Pivot
C) Hinge
D) Saddle
The knee is a hinge joint allowing flexion and extension movements.
7. Which blood vessel carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs?
A) Aorta
B) Pulmonary artery
, C) Pulmonary vein
D) Superior vena cava
The pulmonary artery is unique because it carries deoxygenated blood from the
right ventricle to the lungs.
8. The process of bone formation is called:
A) Osteolysis
B) Ossification
C) Hematopoiesis
D) Calcification
Ossification is the process by which bone tissue is formed.
9. Which organ produces bile?
A) Gallbladder
B) Pancreas
C) Liver
D) Spleen
The liver produces bile, which is stored in the gallbladder and aids in fat
digestion.
10. What is the normal pH range of arterial blood?
A) 6.8-7.2
B) 7.35-7.45
C) 7.50-7.60
D) 6.5-7.0
Normal arterial blood pH is tightly regulated between 7.35 and 7.45.
11. Which muscle is the primary muscle of respiration?
A) External intercostals
B) Diaphragm
