SCI 225 Exam 2 | Grand Valley State University | UPDATED
Questions with 100% Verified Answers
Question: How do we know the climate of the past if we were not there?
Answer:
Ice cores and sedimentary rocks
Question: Louis Agassiz (1830)
Answer:
1830s - European Alps Glacial striations and glaciation hypothesis; glacial erratic
Question: HMS Challenger
Answer:
More evidence collected by ocean sediments and found different fossils in cold and warm waters
Question: Milutin Milankovitch (1910-1940)
Answer:
First to proposer changes in Earth's orbit and tilt affect.
Question: Change in orbital parameters forces climate change hypothesis.
Answer:
1. Tilt of Earth on its axis 2. Shape of Earths orbit 3. Direction of the tilt All cooccur with the time ice age
happens
Question: Fank Libby- 1947
Answer:
First person to apply ge half life of carbon 14. He dated wood in glacial material.
Question: G14 Half Life
Answer:
5,730 Years
,Question: Law of superstition
Answer:
Relative dating is based on this; states younger rocks are deposited on top of older layers
Question: Radioisotopes
Answer:
Absolute dating
Question: Cesare Emiliani- 1950s
Answer:
Used ocean sediment cores
Question: Foram Shells
Answer:
CaCO3 (O18/O16 ratios): Ratio higher during warm years and lower during the cold year. When they die, they
sink. Oxygen (H20) water molecules are taken apart.
Question: Over time
Answer:
- Changes in ocean temperature - Same pattern N → S in Atlantic - Global temperature record
Question: James Hays- 1976
Answer:
Mathematically proved Milankovitch's ocean sediment hypothesis and showed ocean record matched orbital
parameters. Supported Milankovitch! Global ocena nd ice cores and data all match.
Question: Major glaciations
Answer:
Ice-free planet is more common than glacial ice. We have spent about 1/2 our time in ice ages.
Question: JOIDES Resolution
Answer:
Sediment cores from around the world
Question: Albedo
Answer:
, Whitness: highly reflective situation. The more ice there is, the lower the albedo and temperature
Question: Ice Ages in Michigan
Answer:
Moraine- pile of rubble that occurs at the leading edge of a glacier made of till as it out washes (melts smaller
particles flow and larger stay) made of sand and gravel pushes and picks up moraine.
Question: Milankovitch
Answer:
Related orbital cycles to ice ages and supported by ocean sediments. Supported by ocean sediments.
Question: Spinning object has certain predictable movements
Answer:
Earth
Question: Eccentricity
Answer:
Shape: Shape of the Earth's orbit around the sun. When this is low, there is an ice age - 100,000 year cycle -
Favors ice if: More circular, if elliptical can have hotter summer that melts ice
Question: Obliquity
Answer:
Tilt: How tilted (oblique) the Earth's axis is - Magnitude of the tilt - 41,000 year cycle - Tilt of Earth's axis:
22-24.5 - Tilt determines seasons - Favors ice if more vertical, if more inclined poles get extra radiation that
melt ice
Question: Precession
Answer:
Wobble: Direction of the tilt (wobble) and timing of the seasons - 26,000 year cycle - Favors ice summer
farther from Sun, if summer is closer to Sun it is more likely to melt any ice - On its own, it does not affect
climate, but with the other two it does
Question: Greater tilt supports interglacial periods
Answer:
"Its not how cold, its how hot" - Small axis tilt: mild winters but cool summers. Favors Ice Age (center dot) -
Large axis tilt: cold winters but hot summers. Favors interglacial
Question: When all three parameters line up at their extremes
Questions with 100% Verified Answers
Question: How do we know the climate of the past if we were not there?
Answer:
Ice cores and sedimentary rocks
Question: Louis Agassiz (1830)
Answer:
1830s - European Alps Glacial striations and glaciation hypothesis; glacial erratic
Question: HMS Challenger
Answer:
More evidence collected by ocean sediments and found different fossils in cold and warm waters
Question: Milutin Milankovitch (1910-1940)
Answer:
First to proposer changes in Earth's orbit and tilt affect.
Question: Change in orbital parameters forces climate change hypothesis.
Answer:
1. Tilt of Earth on its axis 2. Shape of Earths orbit 3. Direction of the tilt All cooccur with the time ice age
happens
Question: Fank Libby- 1947
Answer:
First person to apply ge half life of carbon 14. He dated wood in glacial material.
Question: G14 Half Life
Answer:
5,730 Years
,Question: Law of superstition
Answer:
Relative dating is based on this; states younger rocks are deposited on top of older layers
Question: Radioisotopes
Answer:
Absolute dating
Question: Cesare Emiliani- 1950s
Answer:
Used ocean sediment cores
Question: Foram Shells
Answer:
CaCO3 (O18/O16 ratios): Ratio higher during warm years and lower during the cold year. When they die, they
sink. Oxygen (H20) water molecules are taken apart.
Question: Over time
Answer:
- Changes in ocean temperature - Same pattern N → S in Atlantic - Global temperature record
Question: James Hays- 1976
Answer:
Mathematically proved Milankovitch's ocean sediment hypothesis and showed ocean record matched orbital
parameters. Supported Milankovitch! Global ocena nd ice cores and data all match.
Question: Major glaciations
Answer:
Ice-free planet is more common than glacial ice. We have spent about 1/2 our time in ice ages.
Question: JOIDES Resolution
Answer:
Sediment cores from around the world
Question: Albedo
Answer:
, Whitness: highly reflective situation. The more ice there is, the lower the albedo and temperature
Question: Ice Ages in Michigan
Answer:
Moraine- pile of rubble that occurs at the leading edge of a glacier made of till as it out washes (melts smaller
particles flow and larger stay) made of sand and gravel pushes and picks up moraine.
Question: Milankovitch
Answer:
Related orbital cycles to ice ages and supported by ocean sediments. Supported by ocean sediments.
Question: Spinning object has certain predictable movements
Answer:
Earth
Question: Eccentricity
Answer:
Shape: Shape of the Earth's orbit around the sun. When this is low, there is an ice age - 100,000 year cycle -
Favors ice if: More circular, if elliptical can have hotter summer that melts ice
Question: Obliquity
Answer:
Tilt: How tilted (oblique) the Earth's axis is - Magnitude of the tilt - 41,000 year cycle - Tilt of Earth's axis:
22-24.5 - Tilt determines seasons - Favors ice if more vertical, if more inclined poles get extra radiation that
melt ice
Question: Precession
Answer:
Wobble: Direction of the tilt (wobble) and timing of the seasons - 26,000 year cycle - Favors ice summer
farther from Sun, if summer is closer to Sun it is more likely to melt any ice - On its own, it does not affect
climate, but with the other two it does
Question: Greater tilt supports interglacial periods
Answer:
"Its not how cold, its how hot" - Small axis tilt: mild winters but cool summers. Favors Ice Age (center dot) -
Large axis tilt: cold winters but hot summers. Favors interglacial
Question: When all three parameters line up at their extremes
