PSYC 351 Final Exam 2026/2027 – 60+ Q&A | Disability Models, ADA, CBT, Self-Efficacy, Spirituality & Psychology

This PSYC 351 Final Exam 2026/2027 study guide is a 16-page exam-preparation resource containing more than 60 identifiable questions, answers, definitions, theories, historical figures, and review concepts. The document focuses on the psychology of disability, definitions of normalcy and deviance, disability history and models, the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), assistive technology, disability identity, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), self-efficacy, cognitive distortions, and the integration of psychology, religion, and spirituality. It combines multiple-choice questions with rapid-review answers, making it useful for both final-exam preparation and concept recall. A major section examines disability, normalcy, and historical perspectives. The guide attributes the statement that normal is often defined as the absence of deviance, illness, or disability to Julie Smart and presents normalcy as subjective and dependent on the “eyes” of the beholder. Historical figures reviewed include Sir Francis Galton and eugenics, Karl Pearson and views concerning reproduction, Charles Darwin and evolution, Herbert Spencer and Social Darwinism, Abraham Maslow, Carolyn Vash, F. Shontz, Biklen, and Braddock & Parrish. The material connects these figures with historical, psychological, social, environmental, and philosophical perspectives on disability. The disability studies and policy section reviews four disability models identified in the document: medical, environmental, functional, and social-political. It states that the Americans with Disabilities Act was signed in 1990 and defines assistive technology as products, devices, or equipment used to maintain, increase, or improve the functional capabilities of people with disabilities. Other topics include disability identity, transitional issues, discrimination experienced by people with disabilities, and perspectives within the Deaf community regarding cochlear implants. The guide also identifies the DSM-5 as a resource used to diagnose psychiatric disorders. Another substantial section concentrates on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). The resource identifies Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, Albert Bandura, Arnold Lazarus, and Donald Meichenbaum among those associated with incorporating cognitive constructs into behavioral therapy. CBT is presented as focusing on relationships among how people think, feel, and behave. Its fundamentals are organized around the therapeutic relationship, present-focused work, goal setting, structure, formulation, relapse prevention, and a psychoeducational model. The document also states that CBT integrates externalism and internalism and defines reciprocal determinism as the interaction between the individual and environment in shaping human functioning. The guide provides high-yield definitions of cognitive distortions and psychological constructs likely to appear on the final. Dichotomous thinking is presented as all-or-nothing thinking; maladaptive beliefs as distorted views; schemata as the influence of past experiences on the present; emotional reasoning as a pattern associated in the source with anxiety disorders; catastrophizing as thinking that progresses from bad to worse; and mind reading as assuming that others are thinking negatively about oneself. Self-efficacy is defined in the document as an individual's disposition to judge their ability to engage in particular activities. Objectivity is also emphasized as something a CBT counselor should practice consistently. The final portion addresses spirituality, religion, and psychology using the explicitly Christian framework presented by the course material. Topics include the integration of psychology and theology, worldview, spiritual needs within counseling, therapeutic alliance, and religious and spiritual studies across cultures. Biblical references appearing in the review include Luke 16:19–20, Psalm 119:97–104, and Philippians 4:8–9. The document associates Psalm 119:97–104 with five behavioral actions concerning meditation on God and Philippians 4:8–9 with three cognitive actions. It also states that religious and spiritual studies examine areas such as self-esteem and physical and mental well-being. The uploaded source identifies the course as PSYC 351 and the material as a Final Exam for 2026/2027, but it does not identify a university, assigned textbook, peer-reviewed journal, author, or textbook edition. Some entries near the end are also incomplete—for example, the final “One’s Past” and repeated “Self-Efficacy” entries do not contain complete answers—so those gaps should not be filled by inference. The document is best used according to its specific PSYC 351 course framework and alongside the assigned readings for the course. Relevant students: This resource is particularly relevant for PSYC 351 students, undergraduate psychology students, counseling students, disability studies students, rehabilitation and human-services students, and learners preparing for a psychology final examination involving disability and CBT. It is especially useful for students reviewing disability models, normalcy and deviance, disability history, ADA concepts, assistive technology, CBT fundamentals, cognitive distortions, self-efficacy, reciprocal determinism, spirituality in counseling, and the integration of psychology and theology. 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