APPLIED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FOR THE ADVANCED NURSE 1ST EDITION
TEST PAPER QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A A+
⩥ Select three true statements regarding the infant's respiratory system.
Increased resiliency makes infants more tolerant of respiratory problems
than older children.
Airway obstruction occurs sooner in infants than in older children.
Infants are obligatory nose breathers.
An adult's chest wall compliance is lower than an infant's.
A baby is born with all the alveoli he or she will ever have? Answer: An
adult's chest wall compliance is lower than an infant's because bones are
more pliable in children, resulting in greater chest expansion. Infants are
obligatory nose breathers; people learn to breathe through their mouths
with age and conditioning. Airway obstruction occurs sooner in infants
than in older children because infant airways are smaller and easier to
obstruct with secretions.
,⩥ Signs of acute epiglottitis? Answer: his high fever and stridor, and he
is in the tripod position.
⩥ About Acute epiglottitis Answer: Acute epiglottitis is most commonly
caused by bacterial invasion of the mucosa with associated inflammation
that leads to the rapid development of edema. Edema would cause
severe, life-threatening obstruction of the upper airway. The healthcare
team should maintain a calm atmosphere, so that the child does not
become more anxious. He should not be provoked in any way. Do not
examine his airway, as total airway obstruction may occur. Resuscitation
equipment should be available, including a surgical airway tray, but
ideally, these should be kept out of sight of both the child and his
mother.
⩥ Most common cause of amenorrhea Answer: Pregnancy
⩥ What is the majority of AUB( abnormal uterine bleeding) due to? and
what is the first-line treatment Answer: lack of ovulation and NSAIDS
⩥ symptoms of a urethral stricture Answer: UTI like symptoms,
diminished force and caliber of the urinary stream, double urine stream
⩥ What is Paraphimosis Answer: foreskin is retracted and can't be
moved forward to cover the glans.
, Can constrict blood flow * surgery must be performed to prevent
necrosis.
⩥ Torsion of testes Answer: may not have high riding because of
spermatic cord twisted
⩥ What are the main causes of PID Answer: chlamydia and gonorrhea
main causes
⩥ SX of PID Answer: low bilateral abdominal pain, sx more likely to
develop during or immediately after menstruation, uterine tenderness;
increased risk for infertility
⩥ Describe the clinical manifestations of epiglottitis Answer: High fever,
irritability, sore throat, inspiratory stridor, and severe respiratory distress,
also will take a forward leaning position, drooling and dysphagia. Life
threatening emergency. **DO NOT examine the airway/throat - could
cause laryngospasm and cause respiratory collapse.
⩥ Most common cause of hypoxemia Answer: Refers to an abnormal
distribution of ventilation and perfusion (V/Q mismatch) - this is the
most common cause of hypoxemia. Hypoxemia caused by inadequate
ventilation of well perfused areas of the lung (low V/Q) - this type of
mismatch is called shunting- occurs in atelectasis (alveoli filled with
fluid).
, Hypoxemia caused by poor perfusion of well-ventilated portions of the
lung (high V/Q), resulting in wasted ventilation- most common cause
(PE impairs blood flow to a segment of the lung).
⩥ What usually precedes Pneumonia Answer: viral upper respiratory
tract infection
⩥ Clinical manifestations of ACTIVE TB Answer: develops gradually-
fatigue, weight loss, lethargy, low grade fever, night sweats, cough that
produces purulent sputum (develops slowly).
⩥ Clinical manifestations of squamous cell carcinoma Answer:
Squamous cell carcinoma- slow growth- located centrally near hila and
projects into bronchi - non-productive cough, airway obstruction,
hypercalcemia, hemoptysis
⩥ Signs and symptoms of an ACUTE asthma attack Answer: coughing,
wheezing- expiratory wheezes often described as high pitched and
musical.
⩥ Describe the pathological process that leads to pulmonary edema.
Answer: Valvular dysfunction, CAD, Left ventricular dysfunction,
causes increase in left atrial pressure, causing increase in pulmonary
capillary hydrostatic pressure. Most common cause of pulmonary edema
is left sided heart disease.
TEST PAPER QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A A+
⩥ Select three true statements regarding the infant's respiratory system.
Increased resiliency makes infants more tolerant of respiratory problems
than older children.
Airway obstruction occurs sooner in infants than in older children.
Infants are obligatory nose breathers.
An adult's chest wall compliance is lower than an infant's.
A baby is born with all the alveoli he or she will ever have? Answer: An
adult's chest wall compliance is lower than an infant's because bones are
more pliable in children, resulting in greater chest expansion. Infants are
obligatory nose breathers; people learn to breathe through their mouths
with age and conditioning. Airway obstruction occurs sooner in infants
than in older children because infant airways are smaller and easier to
obstruct with secretions.
,⩥ Signs of acute epiglottitis? Answer: his high fever and stridor, and he
is in the tripod position.
⩥ About Acute epiglottitis Answer: Acute epiglottitis is most commonly
caused by bacterial invasion of the mucosa with associated inflammation
that leads to the rapid development of edema. Edema would cause
severe, life-threatening obstruction of the upper airway. The healthcare
team should maintain a calm atmosphere, so that the child does not
become more anxious. He should not be provoked in any way. Do not
examine his airway, as total airway obstruction may occur. Resuscitation
equipment should be available, including a surgical airway tray, but
ideally, these should be kept out of sight of both the child and his
mother.
⩥ Most common cause of amenorrhea Answer: Pregnancy
⩥ What is the majority of AUB( abnormal uterine bleeding) due to? and
what is the first-line treatment Answer: lack of ovulation and NSAIDS
⩥ symptoms of a urethral stricture Answer: UTI like symptoms,
diminished force and caliber of the urinary stream, double urine stream
⩥ What is Paraphimosis Answer: foreskin is retracted and can't be
moved forward to cover the glans.
, Can constrict blood flow * surgery must be performed to prevent
necrosis.
⩥ Torsion of testes Answer: may not have high riding because of
spermatic cord twisted
⩥ What are the main causes of PID Answer: chlamydia and gonorrhea
main causes
⩥ SX of PID Answer: low bilateral abdominal pain, sx more likely to
develop during or immediately after menstruation, uterine tenderness;
increased risk for infertility
⩥ Describe the clinical manifestations of epiglottitis Answer: High fever,
irritability, sore throat, inspiratory stridor, and severe respiratory distress,
also will take a forward leaning position, drooling and dysphagia. Life
threatening emergency. **DO NOT examine the airway/throat - could
cause laryngospasm and cause respiratory collapse.
⩥ Most common cause of hypoxemia Answer: Refers to an abnormal
distribution of ventilation and perfusion (V/Q mismatch) - this is the
most common cause of hypoxemia. Hypoxemia caused by inadequate
ventilation of well perfused areas of the lung (low V/Q) - this type of
mismatch is called shunting- occurs in atelectasis (alveoli filled with
fluid).
, Hypoxemia caused by poor perfusion of well-ventilated portions of the
lung (high V/Q), resulting in wasted ventilation- most common cause
(PE impairs blood flow to a segment of the lung).
⩥ What usually precedes Pneumonia Answer: viral upper respiratory
tract infection
⩥ Clinical manifestations of ACTIVE TB Answer: develops gradually-
fatigue, weight loss, lethargy, low grade fever, night sweats, cough that
produces purulent sputum (develops slowly).
⩥ Clinical manifestations of squamous cell carcinoma Answer:
Squamous cell carcinoma- slow growth- located centrally near hila and
projects into bronchi - non-productive cough, airway obstruction,
hypercalcemia, hemoptysis
⩥ Signs and symptoms of an ACUTE asthma attack Answer: coughing,
wheezing- expiratory wheezes often described as high pitched and
musical.
⩥ Describe the pathological process that leads to pulmonary edema.
Answer: Valvular dysfunction, CAD, Left ventricular dysfunction,
causes increase in left atrial pressure, causing increase in pulmonary
capillary hydrostatic pressure. Most common cause of pulmonary edema
is left sided heart disease.
