APPLIED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FOR THE ADVANCED NURSE 1ST EDITION
3 TESTED QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
⩥ Special senses. Answer: Taste, smell, sight, hearing, and balance
⩥ Types of receptors - Mechanoreceptors. Answer: Receptors activated
by touch/pressure
⩥ Types of receptors - Chemoreceptors. Answer: Receptors activated by
chemical in blood, food, air
⩥ Types of receptors - Thermoreceptors. Answer: Receptors activated by
heat/cold
⩥ Types of receptors - Photoreceptors. Answer: Receptors activated by
light
⩥ Types of receptors - Nociceptors. Answer: Receptors activated by
painful stimuli
,⩥ Pain mechanisms. Answer: Exposed nerve endings detect pain
⩥ Sclera. Answer: Outermost portion, white area; anterior side is cornea
- Cornea covers pupil
⩥ Choroid. Answer: Middle layer; contains melanin, absorbs light -
Gives pupil black appearance
⩥ Retina. Answer: Innermost layer; photoreceptors and nerve cells -
Attached to choroid, making it vulnerable to damage
⩥ Optical Nerve and associated structures - cranial nerve II. Answer:
Exits the eye through an area with no photoreceptors, known as optic
disc, retinal arteries and veins pass through optic disc
⩥ Lens. Answer: Transparent flexible structure lies behind iris; smooth
muscles at anterior choroid attach to lens to alter its shape, allowing it to
focus; 2 chambers with fluid
⩥ Conjunctiva. Answer: Inner surface of eyelid; exposed surface; fragile
membrane
⩥ Lacrimal Duct. Answer: Tears Drain
, ⩥ Meibomian Glands. Answer: Line eyelashes
⩥ Outer Ear. Answer: Auricle - Funnels sound waves, ear lobe - no
function
Ear canal - directs waves to eardrum
⩥ Middle Ear. Answer: Tympanic membrane - vibrates when struck by
sound waves
Ossicles - transmit sounds to cochlea
⩥ Inner Ear. Answer: Cochlea converts fluid waves to nerve impulses
Semicircular canals - direct head movement
Saccule and utricle - detect head movement and linear acceleration
⩥ Conductive Hearing. Answer: Process of sound waves going from
outer ear to the tympanic membrane
⩥ Sensoneural Hearing. Answer: Process of sound traveling from middle
ear to inner ear and then the brain
⩥ Pain. Answer: Protective mechanism: warning the body when
something is wrong
3 TESTED QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
⩥ Special senses. Answer: Taste, smell, sight, hearing, and balance
⩥ Types of receptors - Mechanoreceptors. Answer: Receptors activated
by touch/pressure
⩥ Types of receptors - Chemoreceptors. Answer: Receptors activated by
chemical in blood, food, air
⩥ Types of receptors - Thermoreceptors. Answer: Receptors activated by
heat/cold
⩥ Types of receptors - Photoreceptors. Answer: Receptors activated by
light
⩥ Types of receptors - Nociceptors. Answer: Receptors activated by
painful stimuli
,⩥ Pain mechanisms. Answer: Exposed nerve endings detect pain
⩥ Sclera. Answer: Outermost portion, white area; anterior side is cornea
- Cornea covers pupil
⩥ Choroid. Answer: Middle layer; contains melanin, absorbs light -
Gives pupil black appearance
⩥ Retina. Answer: Innermost layer; photoreceptors and nerve cells -
Attached to choroid, making it vulnerable to damage
⩥ Optical Nerve and associated structures - cranial nerve II. Answer:
Exits the eye through an area with no photoreceptors, known as optic
disc, retinal arteries and veins pass through optic disc
⩥ Lens. Answer: Transparent flexible structure lies behind iris; smooth
muscles at anterior choroid attach to lens to alter its shape, allowing it to
focus; 2 chambers with fluid
⩥ Conjunctiva. Answer: Inner surface of eyelid; exposed surface; fragile
membrane
⩥ Lacrimal Duct. Answer: Tears Drain
, ⩥ Meibomian Glands. Answer: Line eyelashes
⩥ Outer Ear. Answer: Auricle - Funnels sound waves, ear lobe - no
function
Ear canal - directs waves to eardrum
⩥ Middle Ear. Answer: Tympanic membrane - vibrates when struck by
sound waves
Ossicles - transmit sounds to cochlea
⩥ Inner Ear. Answer: Cochlea converts fluid waves to nerve impulses
Semicircular canals - direct head movement
Saccule and utricle - detect head movement and linear acceleration
⩥ Conductive Hearing. Answer: Process of sound waves going from
outer ear to the tympanic membrane
⩥ Sensoneural Hearing. Answer: Process of sound traveling from middle
ear to inner ear and then the brain
⩥ Pain. Answer: Protective mechanism: warning the body when
something is wrong
