APPLIED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY A CONCEPTUAL APPROACH
COMPREHENSIVE TEST QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
◉ which statement is correct:
macrophages are a type of phagocyte
phagocytes are a type of macrophage Answer: macrophages are a
type of phagocyte
◉ what is the main phagocytotic cell in acute inflammation? Answer:
neutrophils
◉ what is a granuloma? Answer: nodular inflammatory lesions that
encase harmful substances (but it's a TON bigger than what
macrophages can enclose); occur when acute inflammation doesn't
work
◉ What is acute sinusitis and what are its etiologies? Answer:
symptomatic inflammation of the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity
lasting 4-8 weeks; caused by viral infections
,◉ What is the pathophysiologic process for acute sinusitis? Answer:
sinus produces secretions (this is normal) --> secretions blocked -->
sinusitis
*essentially, it's caused by impaired clearance of the mucus,
especially common in cystic fibrosis patients
◉ What are the clinical manifestations of acute sinusitis? Answer: -
facial pain over sinus regions
-fever
-nasal congestion
-excessive nasal discharge
-cough
-fatigue
◉ How is acute sinusitis diagnosed? Answer: primarily by physical
examination, but tests (ESR, CRP, WBC, sinus radiographs) can be
used
◉ What is chronic sinusitis and what are its etiologies? Answer:
persistent low-grade inflammation lasting 12+ weeks; most result
from untreated acute sinusitis
,◉ What is the pathophysiologic process for chronic sinusitis?
Answer: combination of environmental factors with genetic factors -
-> disruption of mucociliary clearance --> mucus stagnation -->
bacterial growth
◉ What are the clinical manifestations for chronic sinusitis? Answer:
more gradual symptom onset, including nasal congestion, sore
throat, bad breath, hyposmia (reduced ability to smell)
◉ How is chronic sinusitis diagnosed? Answer: showing 2 out of 4
following symptoms: mucopurulent drainage, nasal obstruction,
facial pain/pressure, hyposmia
◉ What are burn injuries and what are their potential etiologies?
Answer: severe damage to dermis and epidermis resulting from
thermal, electrical, chemical injury; radiation exposure; inhalation of
toxins
◉ What is the pathophysiologic process in a burn injury? Answer:
impaired blood circulation and cellular dehydration --> edema (fluid
shift from cells to tissue) --> hypovolemia (low fluid volume in the
blood vessels) --> shock
◉ what is shock? Answer: inadequate perfusion (oxygenated blood
flow) to peripheral tissues
, ◉ What are the different burn injury depths? Answer: first degree
(superficial partial0thickness)
second degree (deep partial thickness)
third degree (full thickness)
◉ What are hemodynamic changes that occur with a significant burn
injury? Answer: increase in vascular permeability, edema, increase
in blood viscosity, decreased in blood volume (hypovolemia), and
even sepsis
◉ What are the clinical manifestations of burn injuries? Answer: -
first degree: erythema (reddening), warmth, pain
-second degree: blistering and exudate formation (clear fluid
seeping out of tissues)
-third degree: edema, exudate, and eschar formation (eschar is a
coagulated crust formed from exudate)
◉ How are burn injuries diagnosed? Answer: first degree: epidermis
damage
second degree: epidermis + dermis damage
third degree: epidermis + dermis + subcutaneous damage
COMPREHENSIVE TEST QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
◉ which statement is correct:
macrophages are a type of phagocyte
phagocytes are a type of macrophage Answer: macrophages are a
type of phagocyte
◉ what is the main phagocytotic cell in acute inflammation? Answer:
neutrophils
◉ what is a granuloma? Answer: nodular inflammatory lesions that
encase harmful substances (but it's a TON bigger than what
macrophages can enclose); occur when acute inflammation doesn't
work
◉ What is acute sinusitis and what are its etiologies? Answer:
symptomatic inflammation of the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity
lasting 4-8 weeks; caused by viral infections
,◉ What is the pathophysiologic process for acute sinusitis? Answer:
sinus produces secretions (this is normal) --> secretions blocked -->
sinusitis
*essentially, it's caused by impaired clearance of the mucus,
especially common in cystic fibrosis patients
◉ What are the clinical manifestations of acute sinusitis? Answer: -
facial pain over sinus regions
-fever
-nasal congestion
-excessive nasal discharge
-cough
-fatigue
◉ How is acute sinusitis diagnosed? Answer: primarily by physical
examination, but tests (ESR, CRP, WBC, sinus radiographs) can be
used
◉ What is chronic sinusitis and what are its etiologies? Answer:
persistent low-grade inflammation lasting 12+ weeks; most result
from untreated acute sinusitis
,◉ What is the pathophysiologic process for chronic sinusitis?
Answer: combination of environmental factors with genetic factors -
-> disruption of mucociliary clearance --> mucus stagnation -->
bacterial growth
◉ What are the clinical manifestations for chronic sinusitis? Answer:
more gradual symptom onset, including nasal congestion, sore
throat, bad breath, hyposmia (reduced ability to smell)
◉ How is chronic sinusitis diagnosed? Answer: showing 2 out of 4
following symptoms: mucopurulent drainage, nasal obstruction,
facial pain/pressure, hyposmia
◉ What are burn injuries and what are their potential etiologies?
Answer: severe damage to dermis and epidermis resulting from
thermal, electrical, chemical injury; radiation exposure; inhalation of
toxins
◉ What is the pathophysiologic process in a burn injury? Answer:
impaired blood circulation and cellular dehydration --> edema (fluid
shift from cells to tissue) --> hypovolemia (low fluid volume in the
blood vessels) --> shock
◉ what is shock? Answer: inadequate perfusion (oxygenated blood
flow) to peripheral tissues
, ◉ What are the different burn injury depths? Answer: first degree
(superficial partial0thickness)
second degree (deep partial thickness)
third degree (full thickness)
◉ What are hemodynamic changes that occur with a significant burn
injury? Answer: increase in vascular permeability, edema, increase
in blood viscosity, decreased in blood volume (hypovolemia), and
even sepsis
◉ What are the clinical manifestations of burn injuries? Answer: -
first degree: erythema (reddening), warmth, pain
-second degree: blistering and exudate formation (clear fluid
seeping out of tissues)
-third degree: edema, exudate, and eschar formation (eschar is a
coagulated crust formed from exudate)
◉ How are burn injuries diagnosed? Answer: first degree: epidermis
damage
second degree: epidermis + dermis damage
third degree: epidermis + dermis + subcutaneous damage
