NR 507 Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm & Final Exam –
Endocrine System, CNS Sensory & Motor Disorders
Questions with 100% Verified Answers
2026–2027
,The drug of choice for the treatment of hypothyroidism is: Levothyroxine
TSH production is decreased in hypothyroidism. False - TSH production is increased in hypothyroidism.
A goiter may appear in hypothyroidism because of the True
overproduction of TSH.
Which of the following is used in the treatment of Methimazole
hyperthyroidism? Radioactive Iodine
Propylthiouracil
All of the above
In Grave's disease, overproduction of thyroid hormone is Thyroid hormone is produced by the follicular cells.
due to parafollicular cell production of thyroid hormone.
Characteristics of myxedema include non-pitting edema True
around eyes.
The two most distinguishing factors of Grave's disease is: Pretibial myxedema and exophthalmos
Type 1 DM Onset 1<10-20 years
Associated with diabetic ketoacidosis
Symptoms: polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia
Type 2 DM Usually > 40 years of age
Associated with hyperosmolar nonketotic coma
Symptoms: weakness, weight loss, infections
Glucagon antagonizes insulin with a resulting increase in True
blood glucose during periods of fasting, exercise and
hypoglycemia
Polydipsia results from elevated glucose levels that exert True
an osmotic diuretic effect.
Which of the following affect an individual's response to Activity level, abdominal fat, height and weight
insulin:
Identify the symptoms associated with hypoglycemia hunger
(select all that apply): tremors
pallor
anxiety
sweating
tachycardia
Metabolic syndrome is characterized by: Hyperlipidemia, obesity, hypertension
,Cortisol secretion is regulated by the hypothalamus and True
the anterior pituitary.
Which of the following is considered an extra adrenal effect Stimulation of melanocytes
of the adrenal cortex?
The adrenal cortex is stimulated by the adrenocorticotropic True
hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary.
The effect of catecholamines is vasodilation. False - vasoconstriction
Cushing's Syndrome Diagnostic Tests Suppression of plasma ACTH by hypercortisolism due to an adrenal nodule.
No suppression of cortisol after dexamethasone administration.
Increased production of cortisol.
No cortisol diurnal variation.
Which of the following is considered a treatment option for Transsphenoidal hypophysectomy
Cushing's disease? Laparoscopy
Resection
All of the above
Select all of the following that are associated co- Psychiatric disorders
morbidities of Cushing's syndrome. Hypokalemia
Muscle weakness
Osteoporosis
Infections
Diabetes
The only way for a hormone to work is through the blood False.
stream.
The endocrine cell can also secrete hormones that target cells directly close it.
When this occurs, this type of secretion is known as paracrine signaling.
Lipid-derived hormones cross the cell membrane and bind True.
to receptors in the cell's cytoplasm
This statement is true. Lipid-derived hormones cross the cell membrane and bind to
receptors in the cell's cytoplasm.
The anterior lobe of the pituitary produces its own True.
hormones
This statement is true. The anterior lobe of the pituitary produces its own hormones
To be considered a lipid hormone, it must be bound to a False.
protein and it must bind to receptors inside the cell
membrane It must be bound to a protein and it bind to receptors on the cell membrane rather
than inside the cell membrane.
The pineal gland is responsible for regulating the sleep- True.
wake cycle
The posterior lobe of the pituitary produces its own False.
hormones
The posterior pituitary receives its hormones (oxytocin and ADH) from the
hypothalamus. The anterior pituitary produces its own hormones.
, Aldosterone promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium This statement is true.
excretion in the kidneys.
Hyperthyroidism Elevated Thyroid Hormone
Suppressed TSH
Enlarged liver
Hand tremors
Hypothyroidism Decreased thyroid hormone and
Elevated TSH
Fatigue
Diminished deep tendon reflexes
Type 1 DM Onset 1<10-20 years
Associated with diabetic ketoacidosis
Symptoms: polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia
Autoimmune:Genetic and environmental factors, resulting in gradual process of
autoimmune destruction in genetically susceptible individuals
Nonautoimmune:Unknown
Strong association with HLA-DQA and HLA-DQB genes
acute complications: Diabetic ketoacidosis
Type 2 DM Usually > 40 years of age
Associated with hyperosmolar nonketotic coma
Symptoms: weakness, weight loss, infections
Results from genetic susceptibility (polygenic) combined with environmental
determinants and other risk factors
Inherited defects in beta-cell mass and function combined with peripheral tissue
insulin resistance
Associated with long-duration obesity
strong genetic association
Acute complications: Hyperosmolar nonketotic coma
alpha cells responsible for secreting glucagon
beta cells responsible for secreting insulin and amylin
inhibits glucagon secretion
delta cells responsible for secreting gastrin and somatostatin
F (PP) Cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide that stimulates gastric secretions and antagonizes
cholecystokinin.
Endocrine System, CNS Sensory & Motor Disorders
Questions with 100% Verified Answers
2026–2027
,The drug of choice for the treatment of hypothyroidism is: Levothyroxine
TSH production is decreased in hypothyroidism. False - TSH production is increased in hypothyroidism.
A goiter may appear in hypothyroidism because of the True
overproduction of TSH.
Which of the following is used in the treatment of Methimazole
hyperthyroidism? Radioactive Iodine
Propylthiouracil
All of the above
In Grave's disease, overproduction of thyroid hormone is Thyroid hormone is produced by the follicular cells.
due to parafollicular cell production of thyroid hormone.
Characteristics of myxedema include non-pitting edema True
around eyes.
The two most distinguishing factors of Grave's disease is: Pretibial myxedema and exophthalmos
Type 1 DM Onset 1<10-20 years
Associated with diabetic ketoacidosis
Symptoms: polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia
Type 2 DM Usually > 40 years of age
Associated with hyperosmolar nonketotic coma
Symptoms: weakness, weight loss, infections
Glucagon antagonizes insulin with a resulting increase in True
blood glucose during periods of fasting, exercise and
hypoglycemia
Polydipsia results from elevated glucose levels that exert True
an osmotic diuretic effect.
Which of the following affect an individual's response to Activity level, abdominal fat, height and weight
insulin:
Identify the symptoms associated with hypoglycemia hunger
(select all that apply): tremors
pallor
anxiety
sweating
tachycardia
Metabolic syndrome is characterized by: Hyperlipidemia, obesity, hypertension
,Cortisol secretion is regulated by the hypothalamus and True
the anterior pituitary.
Which of the following is considered an extra adrenal effect Stimulation of melanocytes
of the adrenal cortex?
The adrenal cortex is stimulated by the adrenocorticotropic True
hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary.
The effect of catecholamines is vasodilation. False - vasoconstriction
Cushing's Syndrome Diagnostic Tests Suppression of plasma ACTH by hypercortisolism due to an adrenal nodule.
No suppression of cortisol after dexamethasone administration.
Increased production of cortisol.
No cortisol diurnal variation.
Which of the following is considered a treatment option for Transsphenoidal hypophysectomy
Cushing's disease? Laparoscopy
Resection
All of the above
Select all of the following that are associated co- Psychiatric disorders
morbidities of Cushing's syndrome. Hypokalemia
Muscle weakness
Osteoporosis
Infections
Diabetes
The only way for a hormone to work is through the blood False.
stream.
The endocrine cell can also secrete hormones that target cells directly close it.
When this occurs, this type of secretion is known as paracrine signaling.
Lipid-derived hormones cross the cell membrane and bind True.
to receptors in the cell's cytoplasm
This statement is true. Lipid-derived hormones cross the cell membrane and bind to
receptors in the cell's cytoplasm.
The anterior lobe of the pituitary produces its own True.
hormones
This statement is true. The anterior lobe of the pituitary produces its own hormones
To be considered a lipid hormone, it must be bound to a False.
protein and it must bind to receptors inside the cell
membrane It must be bound to a protein and it bind to receptors on the cell membrane rather
than inside the cell membrane.
The pineal gland is responsible for regulating the sleep- True.
wake cycle
The posterior lobe of the pituitary produces its own False.
hormones
The posterior pituitary receives its hormones (oxytocin and ADH) from the
hypothalamus. The anterior pituitary produces its own hormones.
, Aldosterone promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium This statement is true.
excretion in the kidneys.
Hyperthyroidism Elevated Thyroid Hormone
Suppressed TSH
Enlarged liver
Hand tremors
Hypothyroidism Decreased thyroid hormone and
Elevated TSH
Fatigue
Diminished deep tendon reflexes
Type 1 DM Onset 1<10-20 years
Associated with diabetic ketoacidosis
Symptoms: polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia
Autoimmune:Genetic and environmental factors, resulting in gradual process of
autoimmune destruction in genetically susceptible individuals
Nonautoimmune:Unknown
Strong association with HLA-DQA and HLA-DQB genes
acute complications: Diabetic ketoacidosis
Type 2 DM Usually > 40 years of age
Associated with hyperosmolar nonketotic coma
Symptoms: weakness, weight loss, infections
Results from genetic susceptibility (polygenic) combined with environmental
determinants and other risk factors
Inherited defects in beta-cell mass and function combined with peripheral tissue
insulin resistance
Associated with long-duration obesity
strong genetic association
Acute complications: Hyperosmolar nonketotic coma
alpha cells responsible for secreting glucagon
beta cells responsible for secreting insulin and amylin
inhibits glucagon secretion
delta cells responsible for secreting gastrin and somatostatin
F (PP) Cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide that stimulates gastric secretions and antagonizes
cholecystokinin.
