APHY 102 IVY TECH SPRING FINAL PAPER QUESTIONS AND COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS
⩥ Where is the heart found? Answer: The heart lies in the thoracic
cavity. It is posterior to the sternum, medial to the lungs, anterior to the
vertebral column, and lies just above the diaphragm and beneath the 2nd
rib with the apex of the heart at the 5th intercostal space.
⩥ Describe the layers of the heart wall Answer: Epicardium- outer layer;
protects the heart by reducing friction. A serious membrane that consists
of connective tissue covered by epithelium, and it includes capillaries
and nerve fibers.
Myocardium- middle layer; thick and consists largely of the cardiac
muscle tissue that pumps blood out of the heart chambers.
Endocardium- inner layer; epithelium and underlying connective tissue.
Forms a protective inner lining of the chambers and valves.
⩥ Describe the pathway of blood into, through, and out of the heart
Answer: Superior/inferior venae cavae
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
,Pulmonary semilunar valve
Lungs
Blood is oxygenated and returned to heart
Pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Mitral(bicuspid) valve
Left ventricle
Aortic semilunar valve
Body cells
⩥ Describe the pathway of the cardiac conduction system Answer: SA
node - AV node - Bundle of His - Left and right bundle branches -
purkinje fibers
⩥ Describe an EKG Answer: A recordable tracing of the electrical
activity of the heart that the production and conduction of action
potentials in the heart produces.
⩥ What is occurring within the heart during each part of the EKG?
Answer: At the P wave of the EKG, the atria are depolarizing.
At the QRS complex, the ventricles are depolarizing and the atria are
repolarizing.
, At the T wave, the ventricles are repolarizing and there is a brief
refractory period between the T wave and the following P wave, which
allows the heart a small rest.
⩥ Describe what is happening in the heart during atrial
systole/ventricular diastole and atrial diastole/ventricular systole
Answer: Atrial systole/ventricular diastole - atria are contracting and
ventricles are relaxed
Atrial diastole/ventricular systole - atria are relaxed and ventricles are
contracting
⩥ How are the heart sounds made? Answer: The first heart sound "lubb"
occurs during ventricular systole as a result of the A-V valves closing.
The second heart sound "dupp" occurs during ventricular diastole as a
result of the pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves closing.
⩥ What terms are used to describe abnormal heart rhythms? Answer:
Arrhythmia, atrial fibrillation, bradycardia, tachycardia, defibrillation,
cardiac arrest, palpitations, Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT),
Ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation.
⩥ pulmonary circulation Answer: Circulation of blood between the heart
and the lungs, oxygenating blood and removing carbon dioxide
SOLUTIONS
⩥ Where is the heart found? Answer: The heart lies in the thoracic
cavity. It is posterior to the sternum, medial to the lungs, anterior to the
vertebral column, and lies just above the diaphragm and beneath the 2nd
rib with the apex of the heart at the 5th intercostal space.
⩥ Describe the layers of the heart wall Answer: Epicardium- outer layer;
protects the heart by reducing friction. A serious membrane that consists
of connective tissue covered by epithelium, and it includes capillaries
and nerve fibers.
Myocardium- middle layer; thick and consists largely of the cardiac
muscle tissue that pumps blood out of the heart chambers.
Endocardium- inner layer; epithelium and underlying connective tissue.
Forms a protective inner lining of the chambers and valves.
⩥ Describe the pathway of blood into, through, and out of the heart
Answer: Superior/inferior venae cavae
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
,Pulmonary semilunar valve
Lungs
Blood is oxygenated and returned to heart
Pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Mitral(bicuspid) valve
Left ventricle
Aortic semilunar valve
Body cells
⩥ Describe the pathway of the cardiac conduction system Answer: SA
node - AV node - Bundle of His - Left and right bundle branches -
purkinje fibers
⩥ Describe an EKG Answer: A recordable tracing of the electrical
activity of the heart that the production and conduction of action
potentials in the heart produces.
⩥ What is occurring within the heart during each part of the EKG?
Answer: At the P wave of the EKG, the atria are depolarizing.
At the QRS complex, the ventricles are depolarizing and the atria are
repolarizing.
, At the T wave, the ventricles are repolarizing and there is a brief
refractory period between the T wave and the following P wave, which
allows the heart a small rest.
⩥ Describe what is happening in the heart during atrial
systole/ventricular diastole and atrial diastole/ventricular systole
Answer: Atrial systole/ventricular diastole - atria are contracting and
ventricles are relaxed
Atrial diastole/ventricular systole - atria are relaxed and ventricles are
contracting
⩥ How are the heart sounds made? Answer: The first heart sound "lubb"
occurs during ventricular systole as a result of the A-V valves closing.
The second heart sound "dupp" occurs during ventricular diastole as a
result of the pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves closing.
⩥ What terms are used to describe abnormal heart rhythms? Answer:
Arrhythmia, atrial fibrillation, bradycardia, tachycardia, defibrillation,
cardiac arrest, palpitations, Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT),
Ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation.
⩥ pulmonary circulation Answer: Circulation of blood between the heart
and the lungs, oxygenating blood and removing carbon dioxide
