NUR 376 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MODULES 1, 2, 3
(EXAM 1 REVIEW) GRADED A+
1. Distinguish between the 2 phases of acute inflammatory
response: Vascular phase: momentary vascular constriction followed by
along period of vascular permeability.
Cellular phase: attraction and rush of WBCs to the area of injury.
2. Define the following:
- vascular permeability
- exudate
- abscess
- transudate
- effusion: Vascular permeability: blood vessels dilate and become more permeable
to allow platelets and WBCs to the area of injury.
,Exudate: a fluid rich in protein from WBCs, microbes,
and cellular debris. Abscess: a localized, walled-ott
collection of purulent exudate (pus) within tissue.
Transudate: fluid that contains little protein and is mainly a
watery filtrate.
Ettusion: any accumulation of fluid in a body cavity.
3. Describe chemotaxis: When a chemical signal from microbial agents,
endothelial cells, and WBCs attract platelets from other WBCs to the site of
injury; movement towards a chemical signal.
4. Leukocytosis vs leukopenia: Leukocytosis: an increased number of
leukocytes are released from the bone marrow into the blood stream.
Leukopenia: a reduction in total WBC number.
5. Identify the 8 inflammatory mediators: Cytokines, chemokines, acute
phase proteins, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukins, histamines,
prostaglandins, and leukotrienes.
6. Describe what each of the following inflammatory mediators do:
- cytokines
- chemokines
- acute phase proteins: Cytokines: modulate the inflammatory reaction by
amplifying/deactivating the process; localized + systemic ettects.
Chemokines: attracts leukocytes to the endothelium at area of injury.
Acute phase proteins: facilitate WBC phagocytosis of microbes and other foreign
material, and assist in the analysis of the inflammation process occurring.
7. List the origin and effects of tumor necrosis factor: Origin:
,macrophages Ettects: fever, lack of appetite, and increased
metabolism leading to cachexia and hypotension.
8. List the origin and effects of interleukins: Origin:
macrophages Ettects: fever, stimulates platelet production
fatigue, anemia, and headache.
9. List the origin and effects of histamines: Origin: mast cells,
basophils, platelets Ettects: vasodilation, increased vascular
permeability, and activates endothelium.
10. List the origin and effects of prostaglandins: Origin:
leukocytes Ettects: pain, fever, vasodilation, and muscle
spasms.
11. List the origin and effects of leukotrienes: Origin: leukocytes
and mast cells Ettects: bronchospasm, bronchial edema, and
increased vascular permeability.
12. What do each of the WBCs do?
- neutrophils
- leukocytes
- monocytes
- eosinophils
- basophils: Neutrophils: phagocytosis
of bacteria Leukocytes: defense against
viral and bacterial infections Monocytes:
phagocytosis + develops into
, macrophages Eosinophils: defense against
parasitic worms and allergies
Basophils: defense against allergies and triggers inflammatory response
13. What is a left shift?: When immature neutrophils are released from the
bone marrow due to an outpouring of cells, typically due to infection.
14. Describe the following:
- fever
- lymphadenopathy
- mast cells: Fever: an increase in body temperature; a common manifestation of
inflammation and/or infection. Lymphadenopathy: swollen lymph nodes from
inflammation.
Mast cells: located in tissues adjacent to blood vessels and are the richest sources of
histamine.
15. Cox-1 vs Cox-2 pathways: Cox-1: the prostaglandins (PGs) created in cox-1
are needed to secrete gastric mucus and enhance renal perfusion and thrombus
formation.
Cox-2: the PGs created in cox-2 cause uncomfortable symptoms of inflammation,
fever, edema, and pain.
16. List and describe the 5 stages of infection: 1. incubation period:
replication/no symptoms
2. prodromal stage: initial symptoms/highly contagious
3. acute stage: full of disease state/active immune system
(EXAM 1 REVIEW) GRADED A+
1. Distinguish between the 2 phases of acute inflammatory
response: Vascular phase: momentary vascular constriction followed by
along period of vascular permeability.
Cellular phase: attraction and rush of WBCs to the area of injury.
2. Define the following:
- vascular permeability
- exudate
- abscess
- transudate
- effusion: Vascular permeability: blood vessels dilate and become more permeable
to allow platelets and WBCs to the area of injury.
,Exudate: a fluid rich in protein from WBCs, microbes,
and cellular debris. Abscess: a localized, walled-ott
collection of purulent exudate (pus) within tissue.
Transudate: fluid that contains little protein and is mainly a
watery filtrate.
Ettusion: any accumulation of fluid in a body cavity.
3. Describe chemotaxis: When a chemical signal from microbial agents,
endothelial cells, and WBCs attract platelets from other WBCs to the site of
injury; movement towards a chemical signal.
4. Leukocytosis vs leukopenia: Leukocytosis: an increased number of
leukocytes are released from the bone marrow into the blood stream.
Leukopenia: a reduction in total WBC number.
5. Identify the 8 inflammatory mediators: Cytokines, chemokines, acute
phase proteins, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukins, histamines,
prostaglandins, and leukotrienes.
6. Describe what each of the following inflammatory mediators do:
- cytokines
- chemokines
- acute phase proteins: Cytokines: modulate the inflammatory reaction by
amplifying/deactivating the process; localized + systemic ettects.
Chemokines: attracts leukocytes to the endothelium at area of injury.
Acute phase proteins: facilitate WBC phagocytosis of microbes and other foreign
material, and assist in the analysis of the inflammation process occurring.
7. List the origin and effects of tumor necrosis factor: Origin:
,macrophages Ettects: fever, lack of appetite, and increased
metabolism leading to cachexia and hypotension.
8. List the origin and effects of interleukins: Origin:
macrophages Ettects: fever, stimulates platelet production
fatigue, anemia, and headache.
9. List the origin and effects of histamines: Origin: mast cells,
basophils, platelets Ettects: vasodilation, increased vascular
permeability, and activates endothelium.
10. List the origin and effects of prostaglandins: Origin:
leukocytes Ettects: pain, fever, vasodilation, and muscle
spasms.
11. List the origin and effects of leukotrienes: Origin: leukocytes
and mast cells Ettects: bronchospasm, bronchial edema, and
increased vascular permeability.
12. What do each of the WBCs do?
- neutrophils
- leukocytes
- monocytes
- eosinophils
- basophils: Neutrophils: phagocytosis
of bacteria Leukocytes: defense against
viral and bacterial infections Monocytes:
phagocytosis + develops into
, macrophages Eosinophils: defense against
parasitic worms and allergies
Basophils: defense against allergies and triggers inflammatory response
13. What is a left shift?: When immature neutrophils are released from the
bone marrow due to an outpouring of cells, typically due to infection.
14. Describe the following:
- fever
- lymphadenopathy
- mast cells: Fever: an increase in body temperature; a common manifestation of
inflammation and/or infection. Lymphadenopathy: swollen lymph nodes from
inflammation.
Mast cells: located in tissues adjacent to blood vessels and are the richest sources of
histamine.
15. Cox-1 vs Cox-2 pathways: Cox-1: the prostaglandins (PGs) created in cox-1
are needed to secrete gastric mucus and enhance renal perfusion and thrombus
formation.
Cox-2: the PGs created in cox-2 cause uncomfortable symptoms of inflammation,
fever, edema, and pain.
16. List and describe the 5 stages of infection: 1. incubation period:
replication/no symptoms
2. prodromal stage: initial symptoms/highly contagious
3. acute stage: full of disease state/active immune system
