rical
theMed
PTA
Clinical
for
- Exam
theMed
PTA
2 -for
Questions
- Exam
the PTA
2 - and
Questions
- Exam
Answers.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
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Answers.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
and Answers.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Clinical Med for the PTA - Exam 2 -
Questions and Answers
differentiation
-normal tissue contains cells of uniform size, shape, and nuclear structure
-cells undergo changes as they develop
dysplasia
adult cells change to indicate a disorganization of shape or size. often viewed as
pre-cancerous but can reverse itself.
hyperplasia
an increase in the number of cells in a tissue. could be normal or could be suggestive of
a tumor.
tumors
abnormal growths of tissue that serve no useful purpose. may be benign or malignant.
primary tumor
tumor that arises locally
secondary tumor
tumor that results from metastasis or spread from another area
epithelial tissue
external body surfaces and the lining of internal spaces and cavities
connective tissue
elastic, fibrous, and collagenous tissues
nervous tissue
tissue of brain, spinal cord and related structures
lymphoid tissue
anywhere in the body where lymph tissue is present
hematopoietic
tissue of blood and bone marrow
benign
-usually differentiated cells that reproduce at a higher rate than normal
-encapsulated
-tissue damage is a result of compression of the adjacent structures
malignant
-undifferentiated, nonfunctional cells
-rapid reproduction
-spread to surrounding tissue
-mass compresses blood vessels
-no contact inhibition
-no normal organization
rical
theMed
PTA
Clinical
for
- Exam
theMed
PTA
2 -for
Questions
- Exam
the PTA
2 - and
Questions
- Exam
Answers.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
2 - and
Questions
Answers.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
and Answers.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
,rical
theMed
PTA
Clinical
for
- Exam
theMed
PTA
2 -for
Questions
- Exam
the PTA
2 - and
Questions
- Exam
Answers.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
2 - and
Questions
Answers.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
and Answers.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
What are the systemic effects of malignant tumors?
-weight loss/cachexia
-anemia
-severe fatigue
-infections
-effusions
-bleeding
-paraneoplastic syndrome
invasion
malignant tumors locally spread into adjacent tissues
metastasis
malignant tumors spread to distant sites via body fluids such as lymph and blood
Stage 0
-stage of cancer
-in situ (in one place) and pre-malignant
Stage 1
-stage of cancer
-early, local cancer
stage 2
-stage of cancer
-increased size of tumor increases risk of spread
stage 3
-stage of cancer
-cancer has spread locally
stage 4
-stage of cancer
-distant metastasis
what are the most common cancers?
lung, breast, and colon
How many people die from cancer each year?
-about 500,000
-also about 1.5 million new cases each year
risk factors for cancer
age, tobacco, diet, alcohol, sexual behavior, reproductive behavior, hormone exposure,
environment, ethnicity, stress, dysplasia and other precancerous lesions
biopsy
study of tissue sample for the presence of malignant cells
tumor markers
substances secreted by tumor cells evident in blood serum
surgical treatment
rical
theMed
PTA
Clinical
for
- Exam
theMed
PTA
2 -for
Questions
- Exam
the PTA
2 - and
Questions
- Exam
Answers.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
2 - and
Questions
Answers.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
and Answers.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
theMed
PTA
Clinical
for
- Exam
theMed
PTA
2 -for
Questions
- Exam
the PTA
2 - and
Questions
- Exam
Answers.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
2 - and
Questions
Answers.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
and Answers.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Clinical Med for the PTA - Exam 2 -
Questions and Answers
differentiation
-normal tissue contains cells of uniform size, shape, and nuclear structure
-cells undergo changes as they develop
dysplasia
adult cells change to indicate a disorganization of shape or size. often viewed as
pre-cancerous but can reverse itself.
hyperplasia
an increase in the number of cells in a tissue. could be normal or could be suggestive of
a tumor.
tumors
abnormal growths of tissue that serve no useful purpose. may be benign or malignant.
primary tumor
tumor that arises locally
secondary tumor
tumor that results from metastasis or spread from another area
epithelial tissue
external body surfaces and the lining of internal spaces and cavities
connective tissue
elastic, fibrous, and collagenous tissues
nervous tissue
tissue of brain, spinal cord and related structures
lymphoid tissue
anywhere in the body where lymph tissue is present
hematopoietic
tissue of blood and bone marrow
benign
-usually differentiated cells that reproduce at a higher rate than normal
-encapsulated
-tissue damage is a result of compression of the adjacent structures
malignant
-undifferentiated, nonfunctional cells
-rapid reproduction
-spread to surrounding tissue
-mass compresses blood vessels
-no contact inhibition
-no normal organization
rical
theMed
PTA
Clinical
for
- Exam
theMed
PTA
2 -for
Questions
- Exam
the PTA
2 - and
Questions
- Exam
Answers.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
2 - and
Questions
Answers.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
and Answers.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
,rical
theMed
PTA
Clinical
for
- Exam
theMed
PTA
2 -for
Questions
- Exam
the PTA
2 - and
Questions
- Exam
Answers.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
2 - and
Questions
Answers.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
and Answers.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
What are the systemic effects of malignant tumors?
-weight loss/cachexia
-anemia
-severe fatigue
-infections
-effusions
-bleeding
-paraneoplastic syndrome
invasion
malignant tumors locally spread into adjacent tissues
metastasis
malignant tumors spread to distant sites via body fluids such as lymph and blood
Stage 0
-stage of cancer
-in situ (in one place) and pre-malignant
Stage 1
-stage of cancer
-early, local cancer
stage 2
-stage of cancer
-increased size of tumor increases risk of spread
stage 3
-stage of cancer
-cancer has spread locally
stage 4
-stage of cancer
-distant metastasis
what are the most common cancers?
lung, breast, and colon
How many people die from cancer each year?
-about 500,000
-also about 1.5 million new cases each year
risk factors for cancer
age, tobacco, diet, alcohol, sexual behavior, reproductive behavior, hormone exposure,
environment, ethnicity, stress, dysplasia and other precancerous lesions
biopsy
study of tissue sample for the presence of malignant cells
tumor markers
substances secreted by tumor cells evident in blood serum
surgical treatment
rical
theMed
PTA
Clinical
for
- Exam
theMed
PTA
2 -for
Questions
- Exam
the PTA
2 - and
Questions
- Exam
Answers.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
2 - and
Questions
Answers.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
and Answers.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
