Page 1 of 156HESI
HESI9/15/2026HESI
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology
2024-2025.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
2024-2025.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
2024-2025.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
Science Medicine Pathophysiology
HESI Pathophysiology 2024-2025
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NURS1103 Pathophysiology Overvie... D027 Performance Assessment- Ad... chapter 26: bleeding Exam With co... Me
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Terms in this set (1277)
Which of the following best describes the b) chronic inflammation and bronchoconstriction of the airways
pathophysiology of asthma?
a) Excessive mucus production in the
airways leading to obstruction
b) Chronic inflammation and
bronchoconstriction of the airways
c) Destruction of alveoli and decreased
lung elasticity
d) Thickening and scarring of lung tissue
leading to reduced compliance
A patient with diabetes mellitus is a) hyperglycemia-induced osmotic diuresis
experiencing polyuria, polydipsia, and
polyphagia. Which of the following
pathophysiological mechanisms is
primarily responsible for these
symptoms?
a) Hyperglycemia-induced osmotic
diuresis
b) Decreased insulin production by the
pancreas
c) Insulin resistance at the cellular level
d) Glycosylation of proteins leading to
tissue damage
HESI Pathophysiology
HESI Pathophysiology
2024-2025.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
HESI Pathophysiology
2024-2025.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
2024-2025.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
,Page 2 of 156HESI
HESI9/15/2026HESI
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology
2024-2025.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
2024-2025.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
2024-2025.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
In a patient with congestive heart failure, b) sympathetic nervous system stimulation
which of the following pathophysiological
changes is most likely to occur initially as
a compensatory mechanism?
a) Activation of the renin-angiotensin-
aldosterone system (RAAS)
b) Sympathetic nervous system
stimulation
c) Ventricular hypertrophy
d) Pulmonary vasoconstriction
What is the primary pathophysiological a) autoimmune destruction of joint cartilage and synovial membrane
mechanism underlying rheumatoid
arthritis?
a) Autoimmune destruction of joint
cartilage and synovial membrane
b) Degeneration of articular cartilage due
to mechanical stress
c) Accumulation of uric acid crystals in
the joints
d) Excessive production of synovial fluid
leading to joint effusion
Which of the following a) destruction of alveoli and loss of lung elasticity
pathophysiological changes is
characteristic of chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD)?
a) Destruction of alveoli and loss of lung
elasticity
b) Inflammation and scarring of the
pleura
c) Increased production of surfactant in
the lungs
d) Constriction of bronchioles due to
smooth muscle hypertrophy
What is the primary pathophysiological a) blockage of cerebral blood vessels by a thrombus or embolus
mechanism underlying ischemic stroke?
a) Blockage of cerebral blood vessels by
a thrombus or embolus
b) Rupture of cerebral blood vessels
leading to hemorrhage
c) Impaired cerebral perfusion due to
systemic hypotension
d) Compression of cerebral tissue by a
tumor or hematoma
Which of the following d) progressive loss of nephrons and renal function over time
pathophysiological mechanisms is
responsible for the development of
chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
a) Glomerular hyperfiltration and
hypertrophy
b) Immune-mediated destruction of renal
tubules
c) Obstruction of urinary flow due to
kidney stones
d) Progressive loss of nephrons and renal
function over time
HESI Pathophysiology
HESI Pathophysiology
2024-2025.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
HESI Pathophysiology
2024-2025.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
2024-2025.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
,Page 3 of 156HESI
HESI9/15/2026HESI
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology
2024-2025.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
2024-2025.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
2024-2025.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
In a patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus, b) impaired glucose uptake by peripheral tissues
which of the following pathophysiological
changes is primarily responsible for
insulin resistance?
a) Decreased secretion of insulin by
pancreatic beta cells
b) Impaired glucose uptake by peripheral
tissues
c) Hyperglycemia-induced inhibition of
insulin receptor signaling
d) Dysregulation of hepatic glucose
production
Which of the following c) chronic inflammation and infection with H. pylori
pathophysiological mechanisms is
associated with the development of
peptic ulcer disease?
a) Excessive production of gastric acid by
parietal cells
b) Impaired mucosal blood flow leading
to ischemia
c) Chronic inflammation and infection with
Helicobacter pylori
d) Dysfunction of the lower esophageal
sphincter allowing reflux of gastric
contents
What is the primary pathophysiological a) accumulation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain
mechanism underlying Alzheimer's
disease?
a) Accumulation of amyloid plaques and
neurofibrillary tangles in the brain
b) Degeneration of motor neurons in the
spinal cord
c) Impaired transmission of acetylcholine
at the neuromuscular junction
d) Blockage of cerebral blood vessels by
thrombi or emboli
What is the primary cause of cystic c) mutations in the CFTR gene leading to defective chloride ion transport
fibrosis?
a) Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic
beta cells
b) Excessive production of mucus by
bronchial glands
c) Mutations in the CFTR gene leading to
defective chloride ion transport
d) Chronic exposure to tobacco smoke
and environmental pollutants
What is the primary pathophysiological a) degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the brain
mechanism underlying Parkinson's
disease?
a) Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons
in the substantia nigra of the brain
b) Impaired transmission of serotonin in
the spinal cord
c) Accumulation of tau protein
aggregates in the cerebral cortex
d) Blockage of cerebral blood vessels by
atherosclerotic plaques
HESI Pathophysiology
HESI Pathophysiology
2024-2025.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
HESI Pathophysiology
2024-2025.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
2024-2025.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
, Page 4 of 156HESI
HESI9/15/2026HESI
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology
2024-2025.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
2024-2025.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
2024-2025.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
Which of the following a) excessive production of parathyroid hormone leading to bone reabsorption
pathophysiological mechanisms is
associated with the development of
osteoporosis?
a) Excessive production of parathyroid
hormone leading to bone resorption
b) Decreased synthesis of collagen by
osteoblasts
c) Impaired blood supply to bone tissues
causing necrosis
d) Chronic inflammation of the synovial
membrane in the joints
What is the primary pathophysiological a) blockage of coronary arteries by atherosclerotic plaques
mechanism underlying myocardial
infarction?
a) Blockage of coronary arteries by
atherosclerotic plaques
b) Impaired electrical conduction in the
myocardium
c) Chronic hypertension leading to left
ventricular hypertrophy
d) Dysfunction of heart valves resulting in
regurgitation of blood
What is the primary pathophysiological b) autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
mechanism underlying Type 1 diabetes
mellitus?
a) Insulin resistance in peripheral tissues
b) Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic
beta cells
c) Impaired insulin secretion by
pancreatic alpha cells
d) Dysfunction of insulin receptors on
target cells
Which of the following b) loss of myelin sheath in the central nervous system
pathophysiological changes is
characteristic of multiple sclerosis (MS)?
a) Degeneration of motor neurons in the
spinal cord
b) Loss of myelin sheath in the central
nervous system
c) Impaired production of dopamine in
the basal ganglia
d) Excessive production of cerebrospinal
fluid in the ventricles
What is the primary cause of chronic liver c) viral infection of liver cells
disease?
a) Autoimmune attack on hepatocytes
b) Chronic alcohol abuse
c) Viral infection of liver cells
d) Impaired blood supply to the liver
HESI Pathophysiology
HESI Pathophysiology
2024-2025.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
HESI Pathophysiology
2024-2025.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
2024-2025.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
HESI9/15/2026HESI
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology
2024-2025.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
2024-2025.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
2024-2025.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
Science Medicine Pathophysiology
HESI Pathophysiology 2024-2025
Leave the first rating
Save
Students also studied
Flashcard sets Study guides
NURS1103 Pathophysiology Overvie... D027 Performance Assessment- Ad... chapter 26: bleeding Exam With co... Me
Teacher 494 terms Teacher 154 terms Teacher 20 terms Te
jmuia5891 Preview PurityIreri22 Preview wizz139 Preview
Terms in this set (1277)
Which of the following best describes the b) chronic inflammation and bronchoconstriction of the airways
pathophysiology of asthma?
a) Excessive mucus production in the
airways leading to obstruction
b) Chronic inflammation and
bronchoconstriction of the airways
c) Destruction of alveoli and decreased
lung elasticity
d) Thickening and scarring of lung tissue
leading to reduced compliance
A patient with diabetes mellitus is a) hyperglycemia-induced osmotic diuresis
experiencing polyuria, polydipsia, and
polyphagia. Which of the following
pathophysiological mechanisms is
primarily responsible for these
symptoms?
a) Hyperglycemia-induced osmotic
diuresis
b) Decreased insulin production by the
pancreas
c) Insulin resistance at the cellular level
d) Glycosylation of proteins leading to
tissue damage
HESI Pathophysiology
HESI Pathophysiology
2024-2025.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
HESI Pathophysiology
2024-2025.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
2024-2025.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
,Page 2 of 156HESI
HESI9/15/2026HESI
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology
2024-2025.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
2024-2025.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
2024-2025.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
In a patient with congestive heart failure, b) sympathetic nervous system stimulation
which of the following pathophysiological
changes is most likely to occur initially as
a compensatory mechanism?
a) Activation of the renin-angiotensin-
aldosterone system (RAAS)
b) Sympathetic nervous system
stimulation
c) Ventricular hypertrophy
d) Pulmonary vasoconstriction
What is the primary pathophysiological a) autoimmune destruction of joint cartilage and synovial membrane
mechanism underlying rheumatoid
arthritis?
a) Autoimmune destruction of joint
cartilage and synovial membrane
b) Degeneration of articular cartilage due
to mechanical stress
c) Accumulation of uric acid crystals in
the joints
d) Excessive production of synovial fluid
leading to joint effusion
Which of the following a) destruction of alveoli and loss of lung elasticity
pathophysiological changes is
characteristic of chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD)?
a) Destruction of alveoli and loss of lung
elasticity
b) Inflammation and scarring of the
pleura
c) Increased production of surfactant in
the lungs
d) Constriction of bronchioles due to
smooth muscle hypertrophy
What is the primary pathophysiological a) blockage of cerebral blood vessels by a thrombus or embolus
mechanism underlying ischemic stroke?
a) Blockage of cerebral blood vessels by
a thrombus or embolus
b) Rupture of cerebral blood vessels
leading to hemorrhage
c) Impaired cerebral perfusion due to
systemic hypotension
d) Compression of cerebral tissue by a
tumor or hematoma
Which of the following d) progressive loss of nephrons and renal function over time
pathophysiological mechanisms is
responsible for the development of
chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
a) Glomerular hyperfiltration and
hypertrophy
b) Immune-mediated destruction of renal
tubules
c) Obstruction of urinary flow due to
kidney stones
d) Progressive loss of nephrons and renal
function over time
HESI Pathophysiology
HESI Pathophysiology
2024-2025.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
HESI Pathophysiology
2024-2025.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
2024-2025.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
,Page 3 of 156HESI
HESI9/15/2026HESI
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology
2024-2025.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
2024-2025.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
2024-2025.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
In a patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus, b) impaired glucose uptake by peripheral tissues
which of the following pathophysiological
changes is primarily responsible for
insulin resistance?
a) Decreased secretion of insulin by
pancreatic beta cells
b) Impaired glucose uptake by peripheral
tissues
c) Hyperglycemia-induced inhibition of
insulin receptor signaling
d) Dysregulation of hepatic glucose
production
Which of the following c) chronic inflammation and infection with H. pylori
pathophysiological mechanisms is
associated with the development of
peptic ulcer disease?
a) Excessive production of gastric acid by
parietal cells
b) Impaired mucosal blood flow leading
to ischemia
c) Chronic inflammation and infection with
Helicobacter pylori
d) Dysfunction of the lower esophageal
sphincter allowing reflux of gastric
contents
What is the primary pathophysiological a) accumulation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain
mechanism underlying Alzheimer's
disease?
a) Accumulation of amyloid plaques and
neurofibrillary tangles in the brain
b) Degeneration of motor neurons in the
spinal cord
c) Impaired transmission of acetylcholine
at the neuromuscular junction
d) Blockage of cerebral blood vessels by
thrombi or emboli
What is the primary cause of cystic c) mutations in the CFTR gene leading to defective chloride ion transport
fibrosis?
a) Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic
beta cells
b) Excessive production of mucus by
bronchial glands
c) Mutations in the CFTR gene leading to
defective chloride ion transport
d) Chronic exposure to tobacco smoke
and environmental pollutants
What is the primary pathophysiological a) degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the brain
mechanism underlying Parkinson's
disease?
a) Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons
in the substantia nigra of the brain
b) Impaired transmission of serotonin in
the spinal cord
c) Accumulation of tau protein
aggregates in the cerebral cortex
d) Blockage of cerebral blood vessels by
atherosclerotic plaques
HESI Pathophysiology
HESI Pathophysiology
2024-2025.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
HESI Pathophysiology
2024-2025.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
2024-2025.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
, Page 4 of 156HESI
HESI9/15/2026HESI
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology
2024-2025.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
2024-2025.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
2024-2025.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
Which of the following a) excessive production of parathyroid hormone leading to bone reabsorption
pathophysiological mechanisms is
associated with the development of
osteoporosis?
a) Excessive production of parathyroid
hormone leading to bone resorption
b) Decreased synthesis of collagen by
osteoblasts
c) Impaired blood supply to bone tissues
causing necrosis
d) Chronic inflammation of the synovial
membrane in the joints
What is the primary pathophysiological a) blockage of coronary arteries by atherosclerotic plaques
mechanism underlying myocardial
infarction?
a) Blockage of coronary arteries by
atherosclerotic plaques
b) Impaired electrical conduction in the
myocardium
c) Chronic hypertension leading to left
ventricular hypertrophy
d) Dysfunction of heart valves resulting in
regurgitation of blood
What is the primary pathophysiological b) autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
mechanism underlying Type 1 diabetes
mellitus?
a) Insulin resistance in peripheral tissues
b) Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic
beta cells
c) Impaired insulin secretion by
pancreatic alpha cells
d) Dysfunction of insulin receptors on
target cells
Which of the following b) loss of myelin sheath in the central nervous system
pathophysiological changes is
characteristic of multiple sclerosis (MS)?
a) Degeneration of motor neurons in the
spinal cord
b) Loss of myelin sheath in the central
nervous system
c) Impaired production of dopamine in
the basal ganglia
d) Excessive production of cerebrospinal
fluid in the ventricles
What is the primary cause of chronic liver c) viral infection of liver cells
disease?
a) Autoimmune attack on hepatocytes
b) Chronic alcohol abuse
c) Viral infection of liver cells
d) Impaired blood supply to the liver
HESI Pathophysiology
HESI Pathophysiology
2024-2025.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
HESI Pathophysiology
2024-2025.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
2024-2025.pdf!@@@@@@@@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
