WCU PHYS 261 — Human Physiology Final Exam 2 Newest
Versions High-Yield Practice Questions with Answers & Detailed
Rationales| INSTANT PDF DOWNLOAD NOW
SUMMARIZED COMPRESSED POINT FORM CONTENT AREAS
Muscle Physiology (Ch. 12) : Sarcomere structure, sliding filament theory,
excitation-contraction coupling, calcium-induced calcium release, role of
troponin and tropomyosin, ATP in cross-bridge cycling, smooth muscle
contraction via calmodulin and myosin light chain kinase, motor units,
muscle fatigue, myasthenia gravis.
Control of Body Movement (Ch. 13) : Reflexes (stretch, tendon, flexor),
muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs, alpha and gamma motor
neurons, motor cortex, cerebellum and basal nuclei, voluntary movement,
posture, balance.
Cardiovascular Physiology (Ch. 14-16) : Cardiac action potentials
(myocardial contractile vs. pacemaker cells), ECG waves (P, QRS, T), cardiac
cycle, stroke volume, EDV, ESV, cardiac output, Frank-Starling law, blood
pressure regulation, baroreceptor reflex, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
system, microcirculation, capillary exchange, blood flow, resistance,
hypertension.
Respiratory Physiology (Ch. 17-18) : Boyle’s law, inspiration and expiration
mechanics, intrapulmonary pressure and volume, lung volumes and
capacities (TV, IRV, ERV, VC, RV), gas exchange (internal vs. external
respiration), oxygen and carbon dioxide transport, chemoreceptors (central
and peripheral), control of breathing, acid-base balance.
Renal Physiology (Ch. 19-20) : Nephron structure, glomerular filtration rate
(GFR), regulation of GFR, tubular reabsorption and secretion,
countercurrent mechanism, urine concentration, hormones (ADH,
aldosterone, ANP), acid-base regulation, micturition.
, Digestive System (Ch. 21) : GI tract motility, secretion, digestion,
absorption, regulation of GI function, gastric secretion (G cells, parietal
cells), pancreatic and biliary secretion, liver function, vitamin absorption
(B12).
Reproductive System (Ch. 26) : Male and female reproductive anatomy and
physiology, gametogenesis, hormonal regulation (HPG axis), menstrual
cycle, pregnancy, lactation, reproductive disorders.
Immune System (Ch. 24) : Innate and adaptive immunity, leukocytes and
cytokines, humoral vs. cell-mediated immunity, antibodies, immune
disorders, vaccines.
SECTION 1: MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY (Questions 1–25)
Question 1
“Calcium-induced calcium release” means:
A) Calcium entering the cell directly causes muscle contraction
B) Calcium entering the cell triggers the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release more
calcium
C) Calcium binds to troponin to initiate contraction
D) Calcium is released from the mitochondria
Answer: B) Calcium entering the cell triggers the sarcoplasmic reticulum to
release more calcium
Rationale: In skeletal muscle, an action potential travels down the T-tubules,
causing a small amount of calcium to enter the cell. This calcium triggers the
,sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) to release a much larger amount of calcium, a process
known as calcium-induced calcium release.
Question 2
What is the correct order of events in excitation-contraction coupling?
A) Acetylcholine binds → Na⁺ influx → T-tubules carry action potentials → Ca²⁺
release from SR
B) Na⁺ influx → Acetylcholine binds → Ca²⁺ release → T-tubules carry action
potentials
C) Ca²⁺ release → Acetylcholine binds → Na⁺ influx → T-tubules carry action
potentials
D) T-tubules carry action potentials → Acetylcholine binds → Na⁺ influx → Ca²⁺
release
Answer: A) Acetylcholine binds → Na⁺ influx → T-tubules carry action potentials
→ Ca²⁺ release from SR
Rationale: The correct order is: Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the muscle cell
→ net influx of sodium into the muscle cell → transverse tubules bring action
potentials into the interior of the cell → Ca²⁺ is released from the sarcoplasmic
reticulum.
Question 3
What happens when calcium binds to troponin?
, A) Troponin pulls tropomyosin away from the myosin-binding site on actin
B) Troponin binds to actin and causes sarcomere shortening
C) Troponin changes shape and covers the SR calcium channel
D) Troponin directly activates myosin ATPase
Answer: A) Troponin pulls tropomyosin away from the myosin-binding site on
actin
Rationale: When calcium binds to troponin, troponin changes shape, which pulls
tropomyosin away from the myosin-binding site on actin. This allows myosin to
bind to actin and initiate the power stroke. The other options are incorrect
descriptions of troponin's function.
Question 4
The hydrolysis of ATP causes myosin to:
A) Release actin
B) Immediately come back into its cocked position
C) Bind to actin
D) Release calcium
Answer: B) Immediately come back into its cocked position
Rationale: The hydrolysis of ATP causes myosin to immediately come back into its
cocked position. This prepares the myosin head for the next power stroke. ATP is
required for both the power stroke and the recovery stroke.
Versions High-Yield Practice Questions with Answers & Detailed
Rationales| INSTANT PDF DOWNLOAD NOW
SUMMARIZED COMPRESSED POINT FORM CONTENT AREAS
Muscle Physiology (Ch. 12) : Sarcomere structure, sliding filament theory,
excitation-contraction coupling, calcium-induced calcium release, role of
troponin and tropomyosin, ATP in cross-bridge cycling, smooth muscle
contraction via calmodulin and myosin light chain kinase, motor units,
muscle fatigue, myasthenia gravis.
Control of Body Movement (Ch. 13) : Reflexes (stretch, tendon, flexor),
muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs, alpha and gamma motor
neurons, motor cortex, cerebellum and basal nuclei, voluntary movement,
posture, balance.
Cardiovascular Physiology (Ch. 14-16) : Cardiac action potentials
(myocardial contractile vs. pacemaker cells), ECG waves (P, QRS, T), cardiac
cycle, stroke volume, EDV, ESV, cardiac output, Frank-Starling law, blood
pressure regulation, baroreceptor reflex, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
system, microcirculation, capillary exchange, blood flow, resistance,
hypertension.
Respiratory Physiology (Ch. 17-18) : Boyle’s law, inspiration and expiration
mechanics, intrapulmonary pressure and volume, lung volumes and
capacities (TV, IRV, ERV, VC, RV), gas exchange (internal vs. external
respiration), oxygen and carbon dioxide transport, chemoreceptors (central
and peripheral), control of breathing, acid-base balance.
Renal Physiology (Ch. 19-20) : Nephron structure, glomerular filtration rate
(GFR), regulation of GFR, tubular reabsorption and secretion,
countercurrent mechanism, urine concentration, hormones (ADH,
aldosterone, ANP), acid-base regulation, micturition.
, Digestive System (Ch. 21) : GI tract motility, secretion, digestion,
absorption, regulation of GI function, gastric secretion (G cells, parietal
cells), pancreatic and biliary secretion, liver function, vitamin absorption
(B12).
Reproductive System (Ch. 26) : Male and female reproductive anatomy and
physiology, gametogenesis, hormonal regulation (HPG axis), menstrual
cycle, pregnancy, lactation, reproductive disorders.
Immune System (Ch. 24) : Innate and adaptive immunity, leukocytes and
cytokines, humoral vs. cell-mediated immunity, antibodies, immune
disorders, vaccines.
SECTION 1: MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY (Questions 1–25)
Question 1
“Calcium-induced calcium release” means:
A) Calcium entering the cell directly causes muscle contraction
B) Calcium entering the cell triggers the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release more
calcium
C) Calcium binds to troponin to initiate contraction
D) Calcium is released from the mitochondria
Answer: B) Calcium entering the cell triggers the sarcoplasmic reticulum to
release more calcium
Rationale: In skeletal muscle, an action potential travels down the T-tubules,
causing a small amount of calcium to enter the cell. This calcium triggers the
,sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) to release a much larger amount of calcium, a process
known as calcium-induced calcium release.
Question 2
What is the correct order of events in excitation-contraction coupling?
A) Acetylcholine binds → Na⁺ influx → T-tubules carry action potentials → Ca²⁺
release from SR
B) Na⁺ influx → Acetylcholine binds → Ca²⁺ release → T-tubules carry action
potentials
C) Ca²⁺ release → Acetylcholine binds → Na⁺ influx → T-tubules carry action
potentials
D) T-tubules carry action potentials → Acetylcholine binds → Na⁺ influx → Ca²⁺
release
Answer: A) Acetylcholine binds → Na⁺ influx → T-tubules carry action potentials
→ Ca²⁺ release from SR
Rationale: The correct order is: Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the muscle cell
→ net influx of sodium into the muscle cell → transverse tubules bring action
potentials into the interior of the cell → Ca²⁺ is released from the sarcoplasmic
reticulum.
Question 3
What happens when calcium binds to troponin?
, A) Troponin pulls tropomyosin away from the myosin-binding site on actin
B) Troponin binds to actin and causes sarcomere shortening
C) Troponin changes shape and covers the SR calcium channel
D) Troponin directly activates myosin ATPase
Answer: A) Troponin pulls tropomyosin away from the myosin-binding site on
actin
Rationale: When calcium binds to troponin, troponin changes shape, which pulls
tropomyosin away from the myosin-binding site on actin. This allows myosin to
bind to actin and initiate the power stroke. The other options are incorrect
descriptions of troponin's function.
Question 4
The hydrolysis of ATP causes myosin to:
A) Release actin
B) Immediately come back into its cocked position
C) Bind to actin
D) Release calcium
Answer: B) Immediately come back into its cocked position
Rationale: The hydrolysis of ATP causes myosin to immediately come back into its
cocked position. This prepares the myosin head for the next power stroke. ATP is
required for both the power stroke and the recovery stroke.
