NUR 5461 EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2026/2027 ACCURATE QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT DETAILED SOLUTIONS || 100% GUARANTEED PASS NEWEST VERSION

NUR 5461 EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2026/2027 ACCURATE QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT DETAILED SOLUTIONS || 100% GUARANTEED PASS NEWEST VERSION 1. primary function of renal and urologic systems - ANSWER maintain a stable internal environment for optimal cell and tissue metabolism balance solute and water transport excrete metabolic waste products conserve nutrients regulate acids and bases forms urine gluconeogenesis 2. endocrine functions - ANSWER secrete hormones 3. renin - ANSWER regulation of BP 4. erythropoietin - ANSWER production of erythrocytes 5. 1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3 - ANSWER metabolism of calcium 6. glyconeogenesis - ANSWER function of renal and urologic system synthesis of glucose from amino acids 7. Kidney - ANSWER paired organ located in the posterior region of the abdominal cavity behind the peritoneum 8. renal capsule - ANSWER tightly adhering capsule surrounds each kidney; each kidney then is embedded in a mass of fat 9. renal fascia - ANSWER fibrous tissue attaches each kidney to the posterior abdominal wall One of the forces favoring filtration in the glomerulus is 1. capillary oncotic pressure 2. Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure 3. capillary hydrostatic pressure 4. interstitial hydrostatic pressure - ANSWER 3. capillary hydrostatic pressure 10. capillary hydrostatic pressure is the primary force favoring filtration of water and solutes. Glomerular filtration is favored by capillary hydrostatic pressure and opposed by oncotic pressure in the capillary and hydrostatic pressure in the Bowmans capsule 11. Tubular transport occurs by - ANSWER active transport in some molecules, active transport is limited as carrier molecules become saturated: transport maximum 12. Percentages of sodium, water, urea, potassium, glucose, bicarbonate, calcium, phosphate, amino acids and uric acids reabsorbed by tubular transport - ANSWER 60-70% of filtered sodium and water 50% of urea 90% of potassium, glucose, bicarbonate, calcium, phosphate, amino acids, uric acid 13. Chloride, water, and urea are - ANSWER passively reabsorbed 14. proximal convoluted tubules function - ANSWER active reabsorption of sodium promotes passive diffusion of water reabsorption of water leaves an increased concentration of urea hydrogen ions are actively exchanged for sodium ions bicarbonate combines with hydrogen in the tubular cell and is eventually reabsorbed as carbon dioxide and water glomerulotubular balance 15. damaged renal tubules - ANSWER metabolic byproducts and drugs may accumulate, causing toxic levels 16. Loop of Henle provides the kidney - ANSWER with the absolute to concentrate urine and conserve water for he body 17. Loop of Henle fluid leaking the ascending limb of the loop is - ANSWER hypo osmotic and is more diluted than the fluid that entered 18. Minor calyxa - ANSWER exes of the pyramids project into a cup shaped cavity that join together to form a major calyx 19. receives urine from the collecting ducts through the renal papilla 20. Major calyx - ANSWER joins to form the renal pelvis 21. Renal pelvis - ANSWER joins the proximal end of the ureter 22. each kidney contains how many nephrons - ANSWER 1.2 million nephrons 23. functional unit of the kidney - ANSWER nephron 24. superficiel cortical nephrons - ANSWER make up 85% of all nephrons, which extend partially into the medulla 25. midcortial nephrons - ANSWER short or long loops 26. juxtamedullary nephrons - ANSWER lie close to and extend deep into the medulla 27. which nephrons are important for the process of concentrating urine - ANSWER juxtamedullary nephrons 28. glomerulus - ANSWER tuft of capillaries 29. bowman glomerular capsule - ANSWER bowman space 30. circular space between visceral and parietal epithelium 31. mesangial cells - ANSWER secrete mesangial matrix; lie between and support the glomerular capillaries some contract similar to smooth muscle cells to regulate glomerular capillary blood flow have phagocytic properties and release inflammatory cytokines and growth factors 32. Glomerular filtration membrane filters selected blood components through - ANSWER inner capillary endothelium middle glomerular basement membrane visceral epithelium (outer layer) that forms the inner layer of Bowmans capsule 33. Glomerular endothelial cells - ANSWER synthesize nitric oxide (a vasodilator) synthesize endothelin (a vasoconstrictor) regulate glomerular blood flow 34. Visceral epithelium of Bowman's capsule - ANSWER composed of cells called podocytes