UNFOLDING REASONING CASE
STUDY HEART FAILURE JOANN
SMITH 72 YEARS COMPLETE
QUESTIONS SOLUTIONS GRADED
⩥ Left-Sided Heart Failure. Answer: Primarily causes pulmonary
congestion with symptoms including dyspnea (DOE, orthopnea, PND),
cough, crackles, pink/frothy sputum, fatigue, and S3 heart sound.
⩥ Right-Sided Heart Failure. Answer: Primarily causes systemic
congestion with symptoms including peripheral edema, jugular venous
distention (JVD), ascites, hepatomegaly, anorexia, and weight gain.
⩥ Normal Sinus Rhythm (NSR). Answer: A key rhythm to know in
identifying heart rhythm strips.
⩥ True Urine Output Formula. Answer: True Urine Output = Total
Output from Foley - Volume of Irrigation Solution Instilled.
⩥ Primary Causes of Arrhythmias. Answer: Include ischemia (MI),
electrolyte imbalances (K^+, Mg^{2+}), acid-base imbalances,
structural heart changes (HF, cardiomyopathy), drug toxicity (e.g.,
digoxin), hypoxemia, or congenital defects.
, ⩥ Secondary Causes of Arrhythmias. Answer: Include fever, infection,
stress, and stimulants (caffeine, nicotine).
⩥ Pharmacologic Treatments for Arrhythmias. Answer: Include
antidysrhythmics such as amiodarone, beta-blockers, calcium channel
blockers, and adenosine.
⩥ Electrical Treatments for Arrhythmias. Answer: Include cardioversion
(synchronized) for unstable SVT/A-Fib/Flutter and defibrillation
(unsynchronized) for V-Tach/V-Fib.
⩥ Invasive Treatments for Arrhythmias. Answer: Include pacemakers,
implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICD), and catheter ablation.
⩥ Rate Control in Atrial Fibrillation. Answer: Managed with beta-
blockers and calcium channel blockers (diltiazem, verapamil).
⩥ Rhythm Control in Atrial Fibrillation. Answer: Managed with
cardioversion (electrical or pharmacological) and catheter ablation.
⩥ Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation. Answer: Utilizes
anticoagulation with warfarin or non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants
(NOACs/DOACs) based on CHA2DS2-VASc score.
STUDY HEART FAILURE JOANN
SMITH 72 YEARS COMPLETE
QUESTIONS SOLUTIONS GRADED
⩥ Left-Sided Heart Failure. Answer: Primarily causes pulmonary
congestion with symptoms including dyspnea (DOE, orthopnea, PND),
cough, crackles, pink/frothy sputum, fatigue, and S3 heart sound.
⩥ Right-Sided Heart Failure. Answer: Primarily causes systemic
congestion with symptoms including peripheral edema, jugular venous
distention (JVD), ascites, hepatomegaly, anorexia, and weight gain.
⩥ Normal Sinus Rhythm (NSR). Answer: A key rhythm to know in
identifying heart rhythm strips.
⩥ True Urine Output Formula. Answer: True Urine Output = Total
Output from Foley - Volume of Irrigation Solution Instilled.
⩥ Primary Causes of Arrhythmias. Answer: Include ischemia (MI),
electrolyte imbalances (K^+, Mg^{2+}), acid-base imbalances,
structural heart changes (HF, cardiomyopathy), drug toxicity (e.g.,
digoxin), hypoxemia, or congenital defects.
, ⩥ Secondary Causes of Arrhythmias. Answer: Include fever, infection,
stress, and stimulants (caffeine, nicotine).
⩥ Pharmacologic Treatments for Arrhythmias. Answer: Include
antidysrhythmics such as amiodarone, beta-blockers, calcium channel
blockers, and adenosine.
⩥ Electrical Treatments for Arrhythmias. Answer: Include cardioversion
(synchronized) for unstable SVT/A-Fib/Flutter and defibrillation
(unsynchronized) for V-Tach/V-Fib.
⩥ Invasive Treatments for Arrhythmias. Answer: Include pacemakers,
implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICD), and catheter ablation.
⩥ Rate Control in Atrial Fibrillation. Answer: Managed with beta-
blockers and calcium channel blockers (diltiazem, verapamil).
⩥ Rhythm Control in Atrial Fibrillation. Answer: Managed with
cardioversion (electrical or pharmacological) and catheter ablation.
⩥ Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation. Answer: Utilizes
anticoagulation with warfarin or non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants
(NOACs/DOACs) based on CHA2DS2-VASc score.
