2026 ONS ONCC STUDY EXAMS GUIDE ALL
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Hep B vaccine - ✔✔1-at birth
2-1-2 month
3-6-18 month
✔✔which of the following statements are true about cancer mortality in the US? -
✔✔among women the 5 leading causes of cancer-related death are lung, breast,
colorectal, pancreas, and ovary
✔✔Breast cancer lifestyle-related risk factors include which of the following? -
✔✔combined estrogen and progesterone hormone replacement therapy for
postmenopausal women.
use of oral contraceptive
alcohol consumption
✔✔the five most common cancer diagnoses worldwide - ✔✔lung, breast, colorectal,
stomach and prostate
✔✔cancer health disparities - ✔✔white women highest incidence of breast cancer
hispanic women have the highest incidence of cervical cancer
african american men have the highest mortality rate for prostate cancer.
,✔✔risk factor associated with oral cancer include - ✔✔human papillomavirus (HPV)
infection, tobacco use, and alcohol consumption.
✔✔cancer risk assessment biggest benefit to the pt - ✔✔choose appropriate cancer
prevention strategies
✔✔rubber workers - ✔✔highest rates of prostate cancer
✔✔miners - ✔✔increase rates of gastric cancer
✔✔chemical workers - ✔✔increase rates of bladder cancer
✔✔steel workers - ✔✔increase rates of lung cancer
✔✔primary prevention - ✔✔the most effective treatment for cancer
✔✔secondary prevention - ✔✔early detection of cancer
✔✔tertiary prevention - ✔✔effective therapy
✔✔diagnosis - ✔✔clinical problems- solving process applied to asymptomatic
individuals who either screen positive or present in an already symptomatic state
✔✔incidence - ✔✔number of new cases identified in a specified population in a defined
period (generally a year)
✔✔prevalence - ✔✔percentage of all individuals with disease at a given point in time in
a specified population
✔✔validity - ✔✔accuracy of screening tool.
measure by sensitivity and specificity
✔✔sensitivity - ✔✔measure of the rest ability to correctly identify persons with disease
(true positive) among the population screened (100% sensitivity= no false negative
how sensitive a test is to the outcome for which is testing.
✔✔specificity - ✔✔measure of the test's ability to correctly identify persons who do not
have the the disease in the group being screened ( test will not be positive in anyone
who does not have cancer) 100 specificity= no false positive
how acurate a test will be in testing for one particular item.
✔✔predictive value - ✔✔influenced by the prevalence of the disease in population as
well as the sensitivity and specificity of the test
, the chance a test will have a false reading.
✔✔positive predictive value - ✔✔the percentage of person who screen positive who
actually have the disease
✔✔negative predictive value - ✔✔the percentage of persons who screen negative who
do not have the disease
✔✔lead time bias - ✔✔screening most often performed on asymptomatic individuals
who will generally have more indolent cancers
✔✔selection bias - ✔✔those choosing to undergo cancer screening or select in differ
from those who do not
✔✔overdiagnosis - ✔✔diagnosis of an indolent cancer in a person who if not screened
would not have been diagnosed not have needed treatment
✔✔PSA - ✔✔the only marker used in cancer screening programs, an its efficacy (ability
to decrease mortality) remains controversial
✔✔Proteomics - ✔✔study of the structure, function and patterns of expression of
proteins.
✔✔gail model - ✔✔tool developed to help estimate a woman's personal risk
age
age of menarche
age at first live birth
number of first degree relative with breast cancer
number of previous benign breast biopsies
atypical hyperplasia in a previous breast biopsy
race
✔✔breast cancer - ✔✔BRCA1 & BRCA2 gene mutation
ashkenazi jewish heritage
✔✔breast cancer treatment - ✔✔herceptin (adjuvant therapy such as hormone therapy)
trastuzumab
✔✔colorectal cancer - ✔✔1-guaiac based fecal occult blood test (GFOBT) 3
consecutive tool specimen
2-fecal immunochemical test (FIT) or immunochemical fecal occult blood test (iFOBT)
3- stool deoxyribonucleic acid (sDNA)
4-Barium enema
5-flexible sigmoidoscopy
6- colonoscopy
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Hep B vaccine - ✔✔1-at birth
2-1-2 month
3-6-18 month
✔✔which of the following statements are true about cancer mortality in the US? -
✔✔among women the 5 leading causes of cancer-related death are lung, breast,
colorectal, pancreas, and ovary
✔✔Breast cancer lifestyle-related risk factors include which of the following? -
✔✔combined estrogen and progesterone hormone replacement therapy for
postmenopausal women.
use of oral contraceptive
alcohol consumption
✔✔the five most common cancer diagnoses worldwide - ✔✔lung, breast, colorectal,
stomach and prostate
✔✔cancer health disparities - ✔✔white women highest incidence of breast cancer
hispanic women have the highest incidence of cervical cancer
african american men have the highest mortality rate for prostate cancer.
,✔✔risk factor associated with oral cancer include - ✔✔human papillomavirus (HPV)
infection, tobacco use, and alcohol consumption.
✔✔cancer risk assessment biggest benefit to the pt - ✔✔choose appropriate cancer
prevention strategies
✔✔rubber workers - ✔✔highest rates of prostate cancer
✔✔miners - ✔✔increase rates of gastric cancer
✔✔chemical workers - ✔✔increase rates of bladder cancer
✔✔steel workers - ✔✔increase rates of lung cancer
✔✔primary prevention - ✔✔the most effective treatment for cancer
✔✔secondary prevention - ✔✔early detection of cancer
✔✔tertiary prevention - ✔✔effective therapy
✔✔diagnosis - ✔✔clinical problems- solving process applied to asymptomatic
individuals who either screen positive or present in an already symptomatic state
✔✔incidence - ✔✔number of new cases identified in a specified population in a defined
period (generally a year)
✔✔prevalence - ✔✔percentage of all individuals with disease at a given point in time in
a specified population
✔✔validity - ✔✔accuracy of screening tool.
measure by sensitivity and specificity
✔✔sensitivity - ✔✔measure of the rest ability to correctly identify persons with disease
(true positive) among the population screened (100% sensitivity= no false negative
how sensitive a test is to the outcome for which is testing.
✔✔specificity - ✔✔measure of the test's ability to correctly identify persons who do not
have the the disease in the group being screened ( test will not be positive in anyone
who does not have cancer) 100 specificity= no false positive
how acurate a test will be in testing for one particular item.
✔✔predictive value - ✔✔influenced by the prevalence of the disease in population as
well as the sensitivity and specificity of the test
, the chance a test will have a false reading.
✔✔positive predictive value - ✔✔the percentage of person who screen positive who
actually have the disease
✔✔negative predictive value - ✔✔the percentage of persons who screen negative who
do not have the disease
✔✔lead time bias - ✔✔screening most often performed on asymptomatic individuals
who will generally have more indolent cancers
✔✔selection bias - ✔✔those choosing to undergo cancer screening or select in differ
from those who do not
✔✔overdiagnosis - ✔✔diagnosis of an indolent cancer in a person who if not screened
would not have been diagnosed not have needed treatment
✔✔PSA - ✔✔the only marker used in cancer screening programs, an its efficacy (ability
to decrease mortality) remains controversial
✔✔Proteomics - ✔✔study of the structure, function and patterns of expression of
proteins.
✔✔gail model - ✔✔tool developed to help estimate a woman's personal risk
age
age of menarche
age at first live birth
number of first degree relative with breast cancer
number of previous benign breast biopsies
atypical hyperplasia in a previous breast biopsy
race
✔✔breast cancer - ✔✔BRCA1 & BRCA2 gene mutation
ashkenazi jewish heritage
✔✔breast cancer treatment - ✔✔herceptin (adjuvant therapy such as hormone therapy)
trastuzumab
✔✔colorectal cancer - ✔✔1-guaiac based fecal occult blood test (GFOBT) 3
consecutive tool specimen
2-fecal immunochemical test (FIT) or immunochemical fecal occult blood test (iFOBT)
3- stool deoxyribonucleic acid (sDNA)
4-Barium enema
5-flexible sigmoidoscopy
6- colonoscopy
