CHAPTER 5 & 6 OF UNDERSTANDING NUTRITION BY
WHITNEY AND ROLFES | TRUSTED BY STUDENTS ACROSS
MULTIPLE DISCIPLINES!| QUALITY CONTENT YOU CAN
RELY ON!!
Course Code:
Course Title:
Programme:
Academic Year: 2026/2027.
Duration: 2 Hours.
Total Marks: 100.
Candidate Instructions:
1) Write your Registration Number on every answer booklet used.
2) Answer ALL questions in Section A and ANY TWO (2) questions in Section B.
3) Read each question carefully before answering.
4) Begin each question on a new page.
5) The marks for each question are indicated in brackets.
6) This paper consists of several printed pages, including this page.
7) Ensure your copy is complete before the examination begins.
8) Unauthorized materials and communication with other candidates are not permitted.
Turn Over.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
1
, Proteins Answer: Compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms,
arranged into amino acids linked in a chain. Some amino acids also contain sulfur atoms.
Amino acids Answer: Building blocks of proteins. Each contains an amino group, an acid
group, a hydrogen atom, and a distinctive side group, all attached to a central carbon atom.
Nonessential amino acids Answer: Amino acids that the body can make (see Table 6-1); also
called dispensable amino acids.
Essential amino acids Answer: Amino acids that the body requires but cannot make, and so
must be obtained from the diet (see Table 6-1); also called indispensable amino acids.
Conditionally essential amino acids Answer: An amino acid that is normally nonessential, but
must be supplied by the diet in special circumstances when the need for it exceeds the body's
ability to make it.
Peptide bond Answer: A bond that connects the acid end of one amino acid with the amino end
of another, forming a link in a protein chain.
Dipeptide Answer: Two amino acids bonded together.
Tripeptide Answer: Three amino acids bonded together.
Polypeptide Answer: Many (10 or more) amino acids bonded together. A short peptide chain of
four to nine amino acids is called an oligopeptide.
Hemoglobin Answer: The globular protein of the red blood cells that transports oxygen from
the lungs to tissues throughout the body; hemoglobin accounts for 80 percent of the body's iron.
Denaturation Answer: The change in a protein's shape and consequent loss of its function
brought about by heat, agitation, acid, base, alcohol, heavy metals, or other agents.
Pepsin Answer: A gastric enzyme that hydrolyzes protein. Pepsin is secreted in an inactive
form, pepsinogen, which is activated by hydrochloric acid in the stomach.
Proteases Answer: Enzymes that hydrolyze protein.
Peptidase Answer: A digestive enzyme that hydrolyzes peptide bonds. Tripeptidases cleave
tripeptides; dipeptidases cleave dipeptides.
Transcription Answer: The process of messenger RNA being made from a template of DNA.
Translation Answer: The process of messenger RNA directing the sequence of amino acids and
synthesis of proteins.
Sickle-cell anemia Answer: A genetic form of anemia characterized by abnormal sickle- or
crescent-shaped red blood cells. Sickled cells interfere with oxygen transport and blood flow.
Symptoms are precipitated by dehydration and insufficient oxygen (as may occur at high
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
2
WHITNEY AND ROLFES | TRUSTED BY STUDENTS ACROSS
MULTIPLE DISCIPLINES!| QUALITY CONTENT YOU CAN
RELY ON!!
Course Code:
Course Title:
Programme:
Academic Year: 2026/2027.
Duration: 2 Hours.
Total Marks: 100.
Candidate Instructions:
1) Write your Registration Number on every answer booklet used.
2) Answer ALL questions in Section A and ANY TWO (2) questions in Section B.
3) Read each question carefully before answering.
4) Begin each question on a new page.
5) The marks for each question are indicated in brackets.
6) This paper consists of several printed pages, including this page.
7) Ensure your copy is complete before the examination begins.
8) Unauthorized materials and communication with other candidates are not permitted.
Turn Over.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
1
, Proteins Answer: Compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms,
arranged into amino acids linked in a chain. Some amino acids also contain sulfur atoms.
Amino acids Answer: Building blocks of proteins. Each contains an amino group, an acid
group, a hydrogen atom, and a distinctive side group, all attached to a central carbon atom.
Nonessential amino acids Answer: Amino acids that the body can make (see Table 6-1); also
called dispensable amino acids.
Essential amino acids Answer: Amino acids that the body requires but cannot make, and so
must be obtained from the diet (see Table 6-1); also called indispensable amino acids.
Conditionally essential amino acids Answer: An amino acid that is normally nonessential, but
must be supplied by the diet in special circumstances when the need for it exceeds the body's
ability to make it.
Peptide bond Answer: A bond that connects the acid end of one amino acid with the amino end
of another, forming a link in a protein chain.
Dipeptide Answer: Two amino acids bonded together.
Tripeptide Answer: Three amino acids bonded together.
Polypeptide Answer: Many (10 or more) amino acids bonded together. A short peptide chain of
four to nine amino acids is called an oligopeptide.
Hemoglobin Answer: The globular protein of the red blood cells that transports oxygen from
the lungs to tissues throughout the body; hemoglobin accounts for 80 percent of the body's iron.
Denaturation Answer: The change in a protein's shape and consequent loss of its function
brought about by heat, agitation, acid, base, alcohol, heavy metals, or other agents.
Pepsin Answer: A gastric enzyme that hydrolyzes protein. Pepsin is secreted in an inactive
form, pepsinogen, which is activated by hydrochloric acid in the stomach.
Proteases Answer: Enzymes that hydrolyze protein.
Peptidase Answer: A digestive enzyme that hydrolyzes peptide bonds. Tripeptidases cleave
tripeptides; dipeptidases cleave dipeptides.
Transcription Answer: The process of messenger RNA being made from a template of DNA.
Translation Answer: The process of messenger RNA directing the sequence of amino acids and
synthesis of proteins.
Sickle-cell anemia Answer: A genetic form of anemia characterized by abnormal sickle- or
crescent-shaped red blood cells. Sickled cells interfere with oxygen transport and blood flow.
Symptoms are precipitated by dehydration and insufficient oxygen (as may occur at high
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
2
