CMN 571 – Unit 2 Test
Questions and Answers| Pass Guaranteed
Infant Nutrition • Breastfeeding • Complementary Feeding • Vitamin D, Iron & Fluoride •
Malnutrition Screening • Growth Monitoring • Developmental Milestones (Gross Motor,
Fine Motor, Language, Social) • Immunizations: DTaP, Tdap, Rotavirus, Hib, IPV, PCV13,
Influenza, MMR, Hepatitis A, Varicella, HPV, Meningococcal • Contraindications,
Precautions & Schedules
1. The primary source of nutrition recommended for infants during the first 6 months
of life is:
A. Whole cow's milk
B. Breast milk or iron-fortified infant formula
C. Diluted juice
D. Solid foods
Answer: B
Rationale: The AAP recommends breast milk or iron-fortified formula as the sole
source of nutrition for approximately the first 6 months; cow's milk is not
recommended before 12 months due to high renal solute load and low iron content.
2. Why is whole cow's milk not recommended before 12 months of age?
A. It tastes unpleasant to infants
B. It has low iron content, a high renal solute load, and can cause GI blood loss
C. It is too expensive for most families
D. It contains no fat
Answer: B
Rationale: Cow's milk before 12 months can cause microscopic GI bleeding, provides
inadequate iron, and imposes a renal solute load unsuitable for an infant's immature
kidneys.
3. Which nutrient requirement increases most significantly relative to body weight
during infancy compared to any other life stage?
A. Caloric and protein needs per kilogram
B. Sodium needs
C. Fiber needs
, D. Vitamin C needs alone
Answer: A
Rationale: Infants have the highest caloric and protein needs per kilogram of body
weight of any life stage due to rapid growth and development.
4. Honey should be avoided in infants younger than 12 months primarily due to risk of:
A. Dental caries
B. Infant botulism from Clostridium botulinum spores
C. Peanut allergy
D. Lactose intolerance
Answer: B
Rationale: Honey may contain Clostridium botulinum spores that can germinate in an
infant's immature gut and cause infant botulism; this risk resolves after 12 months as
gut flora matures.
5. Juice intake for infants younger than 12 months of age is:
A. Encouraged as a primary fluid source
B. Not recommended
C. Recommended only in the evening
D. Required to meet vitamin C needs
Answer: B
Rationale: The AAP recommends no juice before 12 months, as it offers little
nutritional benefit compared with breast milk/formula and may contribute to caloric
excess or diarrhea.
6. Which best describes appropriate fat intake during infancy?
A. Infants should follow a low-fat diet, as adults do
B. Infants need a relatively high proportion of calories from fat to support rapid brain
growth
C. Fat should be eliminated from the diet after 6 months
D. Fat intake is irrelevant in infancy
Answer: B
Rationale: Approximately 40-50% of an infant's calories should come from fat to
support the rapid brain and nervous system development occurring in the first two
years of life.
, 7. Colostrum, produced in the first few days postpartum, is characterized by:
A. High volume with low immunologic value
B. Low volume, rich in immunoglobulins (especially IgA) and protective factors
C. Composition identical to mature milk
D. High fat, low protein content
Answer: B
Rationale: Colostrum is low-volume but rich in secretory IgA and immune factors that
provide passive protection to the newborn gut during the first days of life.
8. The let-down (milk ejection) reflex is primarily triggered by:
A. Prolactin acting directly on the mammary alveoli
B. Oxytocin release in response to infant suckling or related stimuli
C. Infant swallowing alone
D. Maternal hunger
Answer: B
Rationale: Oxytocin, released from the posterior pituitary in response to nipple
stimulation, causes myoepithelial cell contraction and milk ejection; prolactin governs
milk production, not ejection.
9. A mother asks how to tell if her exclusively breastfed infant is getting enough milk.
A reliable indicator is:
A. The infant sleeps through the night
B. At least 6 wet diapers per day and adequate weight gain after the first week
C. The mother's breasts never feel full
D. The infant breastfeeds only once daily
Answer: B
Rationale: Adequate hydration (about 6 or more wet diapers/day after day 5-6) and
appropriate weight gain, with return to birth weight by about 2 weeks, are reliable
indicators of adequate milk intake.
10. Which best describes foremilk versus hindmilk during a breastfeeding session?
A. Foremilk is higher in fat than hindmilk
B. Foremilk, released early in a feed, is higher in volume/lactose, while hindmilk,
released later, is higher in fat
C. They are chemically identical
D. Hindmilk is produced only with pumping
Questions and Answers| Pass Guaranteed
Infant Nutrition • Breastfeeding • Complementary Feeding • Vitamin D, Iron & Fluoride •
Malnutrition Screening • Growth Monitoring • Developmental Milestones (Gross Motor,
Fine Motor, Language, Social) • Immunizations: DTaP, Tdap, Rotavirus, Hib, IPV, PCV13,
Influenza, MMR, Hepatitis A, Varicella, HPV, Meningococcal • Contraindications,
Precautions & Schedules
1. The primary source of nutrition recommended for infants during the first 6 months
of life is:
A. Whole cow's milk
B. Breast milk or iron-fortified infant formula
C. Diluted juice
D. Solid foods
Answer: B
Rationale: The AAP recommends breast milk or iron-fortified formula as the sole
source of nutrition for approximately the first 6 months; cow's milk is not
recommended before 12 months due to high renal solute load and low iron content.
2. Why is whole cow's milk not recommended before 12 months of age?
A. It tastes unpleasant to infants
B. It has low iron content, a high renal solute load, and can cause GI blood loss
C. It is too expensive for most families
D. It contains no fat
Answer: B
Rationale: Cow's milk before 12 months can cause microscopic GI bleeding, provides
inadequate iron, and imposes a renal solute load unsuitable for an infant's immature
kidneys.
3. Which nutrient requirement increases most significantly relative to body weight
during infancy compared to any other life stage?
A. Caloric and protein needs per kilogram
B. Sodium needs
C. Fiber needs
, D. Vitamin C needs alone
Answer: A
Rationale: Infants have the highest caloric and protein needs per kilogram of body
weight of any life stage due to rapid growth and development.
4. Honey should be avoided in infants younger than 12 months primarily due to risk of:
A. Dental caries
B. Infant botulism from Clostridium botulinum spores
C. Peanut allergy
D. Lactose intolerance
Answer: B
Rationale: Honey may contain Clostridium botulinum spores that can germinate in an
infant's immature gut and cause infant botulism; this risk resolves after 12 months as
gut flora matures.
5. Juice intake for infants younger than 12 months of age is:
A. Encouraged as a primary fluid source
B. Not recommended
C. Recommended only in the evening
D. Required to meet vitamin C needs
Answer: B
Rationale: The AAP recommends no juice before 12 months, as it offers little
nutritional benefit compared with breast milk/formula and may contribute to caloric
excess or diarrhea.
6. Which best describes appropriate fat intake during infancy?
A. Infants should follow a low-fat diet, as adults do
B. Infants need a relatively high proportion of calories from fat to support rapid brain
growth
C. Fat should be eliminated from the diet after 6 months
D. Fat intake is irrelevant in infancy
Answer: B
Rationale: Approximately 40-50% of an infant's calories should come from fat to
support the rapid brain and nervous system development occurring in the first two
years of life.
, 7. Colostrum, produced in the first few days postpartum, is characterized by:
A. High volume with low immunologic value
B. Low volume, rich in immunoglobulins (especially IgA) and protective factors
C. Composition identical to mature milk
D. High fat, low protein content
Answer: B
Rationale: Colostrum is low-volume but rich in secretory IgA and immune factors that
provide passive protection to the newborn gut during the first days of life.
8. The let-down (milk ejection) reflex is primarily triggered by:
A. Prolactin acting directly on the mammary alveoli
B. Oxytocin release in response to infant suckling or related stimuli
C. Infant swallowing alone
D. Maternal hunger
Answer: B
Rationale: Oxytocin, released from the posterior pituitary in response to nipple
stimulation, causes myoepithelial cell contraction and milk ejection; prolactin governs
milk production, not ejection.
9. A mother asks how to tell if her exclusively breastfed infant is getting enough milk.
A reliable indicator is:
A. The infant sleeps through the night
B. At least 6 wet diapers per day and adequate weight gain after the first week
C. The mother's breasts never feel full
D. The infant breastfeeds only once daily
Answer: B
Rationale: Adequate hydration (about 6 or more wet diapers/day after day 5-6) and
appropriate weight gain, with return to birth weight by about 2 weeks, are reliable
indicators of adequate milk intake.
10. Which best describes foremilk versus hindmilk during a breastfeeding session?
A. Foremilk is higher in fat than hindmilk
B. Foremilk, released early in a feed, is higher in volume/lactose, while hindmilk,
released later, is higher in fat
C. They are chemically identical
D. Hindmilk is produced only with pumping
