NURS 3366 Exam 2 | Questions with 100% Verified Answers | Latest Update
Question: Innate resistance?
Answer:
natural- mechanisms born with
Question: What are the 1st, 2nd and 3rd lines of defense in innate resistance?
Answer:
1st- physical barriers (skin); immediate & nonspecific 2nd- inflammation; immediate and nonspecific
3rd- Acquired (adaptive) immunity
Question: Acquired (adaptive) immunity
Answer:
also the 3rd line of defense
-resist certain disease because of immunocytes
-delayed and specific
Question: What are immunocytes?
Answer:
lymphocytes- B and T cells
Question: What is the 1st line of defense and how does it work?
Answer:
Skin!
-sweat has antibacterial and antifungal properties
Question: Eye defense?
Answer:
1st line of defense
-tears (Sjogren's syndrome) autoimmune that dries up lubricating fluids all over body not just tears
-eyelashes
Question: Respiratory defense?
Answer:
mucus in nose traps bacteria cilia of bronchi cells sweep away foreign bodies cough reflex
Question: Gastrointestinal defense?
Answer:
,-saliva with protective enzymes
-HCl in stomach gage reflex/vomiting gets rid of injurious agents
-bowels
Question: Genitourinary defense?
Answer:
-flow of urine washes away microbes
-vaginal secretions slightly acidic-kills bacteria
Question: What is the second line of defense- inflammation characterized by?
Answer:
-swelling
-heat
-erythema (redness)
-pain
-if not enough will bring in 3rd line of defense- acquired immunity
Question: What are B and T cells?
Answer:
T lymphocytes- defend body by direct attack against invaders B lymphocytes- defend body by
differentiating into plasma cells, creating antibodies and will now "lay in wait" and always "remember"
Question: Antigens?
Answer:
proteins that can stimulate immunocyte reaction against them
-normal for body to respond to antigens that are foreign to our body, but abnormal to respond to self
antigens
Question: Antibodies?
Answer:
IgG, IgA, IgE
-proteins that respond with specificity according to type of antigen entering body
Question: What is active acquired immunity?
Answer:
person own immunocyte system developed the antibodies that established immunity
Question: Natural active acquired immunity?
Answer:
,persons plasma cells build up antibodies in response to microbially-induced sickness
Question: Artificial active acquired immunity?
Answer:
persons plasma cells build up antibodies in response to receiving immunization booster can be given for
MMR because antibodies become weaker over time
Question: Passive acquired immunity?
Answer:
given someone elses antibodies and did not develop the antibodies on their own
Question: Natural passive acquired immunity?
Answer:
transfer of antibodies from mom to baby via placenta (MatAb antibodies cross placental membrane from
her blood to fetus and disintegrate by time baby is 2-3 months old) or breast milk (some MatAbs can
transfer during breast feeding but after baby stops breastfeeding, MatAbs disintegrate) temporary
antibodies!!
Question: Artificial passive acquired immunity?
Answer:
antibodies are injected during treatment in emergencies until active immunity can develop ex: TIG
(tetanus immunoglobin) given to pt with dirty would who has never had tetanus/has not had booster in
long time
Question: What are advantages and disadvantages of passive immunity?
Answer:
advantages:
-powerful to immediately fight disease
-immediately begin attacking microbes disadvantages:
-only lasts as long as antibody lasts- about 2 weeks
Question: What is the purpose of the inflammatory response?
Answer:
facilitate shifting of substances from blood into injured/irritated tissues to:
-clean up healing area, begin clotting process and promote healing
-stimulate enhanced immunocyte response as needed
Question: Step 1 of inflammatory response?
Answer:
, Leakiness in 3 ways 1- irritated/injured cells that makeup tissues undergo disruption to metabolic
pathway-- loss of cell membrane integrity--leakage of fluid in area 2- mast cell degranulation occurs
(tissue in body made up of mast cells)--stimulated by injury- will degranulate and LEAK chemical
"granules"-- local inflammatory mediators (leukotrienes, histamine, prostaglandins) 3-cause capillaries
in area to swell up and vasodilate (relax) and more permeable so leak plasma from blood to tissue and
this leaking plasma contains neutrophils, clotting factors and fibring if MORE inflammation is needed-
SYSTEMIC inflammatory mediators come to area via bloodstream to "POUR FUEL ON FIRE" aka
ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS- CPR, circulating prostaglandins
Question: Step 2 of inflammation process?
Answer:
-neutrophils (phagocytic WBC in blood) and macrophages (phagocytic cells in tissue) phagocytize "eat
and destroy" dirt, debris, dying tissue or microbes they might find in the area
-combination of plasma, phagocytes, dead tissue, bacteria, fibrin cells result in thick fluid called exudate
(little microbe involvement will have clear gold color called serous exudate and if has blood-
serosanguinous)
-if more microbe and WBC involvement- infection- exudate becomes thick and white/yellow and is
purulent exudate or pus
Question: Step 3 of inflammation process?
Answer:
if bacteria, viruses were apart of the mix from step 2, macrophages will have phagocytized and processed
them and need help from 3rd line of defense- acquired immunity!
-the lymphocytes will help kill microbes and create memory (immunity)
-to involved lymphocytes: macrophages secrete chemotactic substances to "call immunocytes" to come
to area via bloodstream AND display remnants of microbes on cell membranes as display guide to
lymphocytes of "HEY LOOK THIS IS OUR ENEMY!!"
Question: Step 4 of inflammation process?
Answer:
-clotting factors, platelets and fibrin come together to create healing- granulating tissue
Question: WBC types? mast cells, macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes
Answer:
mast cells: WBC in tissue macrophages: start off life as monocytes and end up in tissue and phaogcytize
microbes neutrophils- circulating phagocytes and kill microogranisms in blood and tissue lymphocytes:
B and T lymphocytes "immunocytes"
Question: What are examples of local inflammatory response?
Answer:
appendicitis, pleuritis, thyroiditis
Question: Innate resistance?
Answer:
natural- mechanisms born with
Question: What are the 1st, 2nd and 3rd lines of defense in innate resistance?
Answer:
1st- physical barriers (skin); immediate & nonspecific 2nd- inflammation; immediate and nonspecific
3rd- Acquired (adaptive) immunity
Question: Acquired (adaptive) immunity
Answer:
also the 3rd line of defense
-resist certain disease because of immunocytes
-delayed and specific
Question: What are immunocytes?
Answer:
lymphocytes- B and T cells
Question: What is the 1st line of defense and how does it work?
Answer:
Skin!
-sweat has antibacterial and antifungal properties
Question: Eye defense?
Answer:
1st line of defense
-tears (Sjogren's syndrome) autoimmune that dries up lubricating fluids all over body not just tears
-eyelashes
Question: Respiratory defense?
Answer:
mucus in nose traps bacteria cilia of bronchi cells sweep away foreign bodies cough reflex
Question: Gastrointestinal defense?
Answer:
,-saliva with protective enzymes
-HCl in stomach gage reflex/vomiting gets rid of injurious agents
-bowels
Question: Genitourinary defense?
Answer:
-flow of urine washes away microbes
-vaginal secretions slightly acidic-kills bacteria
Question: What is the second line of defense- inflammation characterized by?
Answer:
-swelling
-heat
-erythema (redness)
-pain
-if not enough will bring in 3rd line of defense- acquired immunity
Question: What are B and T cells?
Answer:
T lymphocytes- defend body by direct attack against invaders B lymphocytes- defend body by
differentiating into plasma cells, creating antibodies and will now "lay in wait" and always "remember"
Question: Antigens?
Answer:
proteins that can stimulate immunocyte reaction against them
-normal for body to respond to antigens that are foreign to our body, but abnormal to respond to self
antigens
Question: Antibodies?
Answer:
IgG, IgA, IgE
-proteins that respond with specificity according to type of antigen entering body
Question: What is active acquired immunity?
Answer:
person own immunocyte system developed the antibodies that established immunity
Question: Natural active acquired immunity?
Answer:
,persons plasma cells build up antibodies in response to microbially-induced sickness
Question: Artificial active acquired immunity?
Answer:
persons plasma cells build up antibodies in response to receiving immunization booster can be given for
MMR because antibodies become weaker over time
Question: Passive acquired immunity?
Answer:
given someone elses antibodies and did not develop the antibodies on their own
Question: Natural passive acquired immunity?
Answer:
transfer of antibodies from mom to baby via placenta (MatAb antibodies cross placental membrane from
her blood to fetus and disintegrate by time baby is 2-3 months old) or breast milk (some MatAbs can
transfer during breast feeding but after baby stops breastfeeding, MatAbs disintegrate) temporary
antibodies!!
Question: Artificial passive acquired immunity?
Answer:
antibodies are injected during treatment in emergencies until active immunity can develop ex: TIG
(tetanus immunoglobin) given to pt with dirty would who has never had tetanus/has not had booster in
long time
Question: What are advantages and disadvantages of passive immunity?
Answer:
advantages:
-powerful to immediately fight disease
-immediately begin attacking microbes disadvantages:
-only lasts as long as antibody lasts- about 2 weeks
Question: What is the purpose of the inflammatory response?
Answer:
facilitate shifting of substances from blood into injured/irritated tissues to:
-clean up healing area, begin clotting process and promote healing
-stimulate enhanced immunocyte response as needed
Question: Step 1 of inflammatory response?
Answer:
, Leakiness in 3 ways 1- irritated/injured cells that makeup tissues undergo disruption to metabolic
pathway-- loss of cell membrane integrity--leakage of fluid in area 2- mast cell degranulation occurs
(tissue in body made up of mast cells)--stimulated by injury- will degranulate and LEAK chemical
"granules"-- local inflammatory mediators (leukotrienes, histamine, prostaglandins) 3-cause capillaries
in area to swell up and vasodilate (relax) and more permeable so leak plasma from blood to tissue and
this leaking plasma contains neutrophils, clotting factors and fibring if MORE inflammation is needed-
SYSTEMIC inflammatory mediators come to area via bloodstream to "POUR FUEL ON FIRE" aka
ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS- CPR, circulating prostaglandins
Question: Step 2 of inflammation process?
Answer:
-neutrophils (phagocytic WBC in blood) and macrophages (phagocytic cells in tissue) phagocytize "eat
and destroy" dirt, debris, dying tissue or microbes they might find in the area
-combination of plasma, phagocytes, dead tissue, bacteria, fibrin cells result in thick fluid called exudate
(little microbe involvement will have clear gold color called serous exudate and if has blood-
serosanguinous)
-if more microbe and WBC involvement- infection- exudate becomes thick and white/yellow and is
purulent exudate or pus
Question: Step 3 of inflammation process?
Answer:
if bacteria, viruses were apart of the mix from step 2, macrophages will have phagocytized and processed
them and need help from 3rd line of defense- acquired immunity!
-the lymphocytes will help kill microbes and create memory (immunity)
-to involved lymphocytes: macrophages secrete chemotactic substances to "call immunocytes" to come
to area via bloodstream AND display remnants of microbes on cell membranes as display guide to
lymphocytes of "HEY LOOK THIS IS OUR ENEMY!!"
Question: Step 4 of inflammation process?
Answer:
-clotting factors, platelets and fibrin come together to create healing- granulating tissue
Question: WBC types? mast cells, macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes
Answer:
mast cells: WBC in tissue macrophages: start off life as monocytes and end up in tissue and phaogcytize
microbes neutrophils- circulating phagocytes and kill microogranisms in blood and tissue lymphocytes:
B and T lymphocytes "immunocytes"
Question: What are examples of local inflammatory response?
Answer:
appendicitis, pleuritis, thyroiditis
