What are normal male hemoglobin (Hgb) values? 14-18
What are normal female hemoglobin (Hgb) values? 12-16
With acute blood loss or severe anemia, what would you expect to see change with Hgb and These levels would drop. The body wouldn't be able to deliver enough oxygen to tissues and
Hct? organs causing fatigue and weakness.
What are normal female hematocrit (Hct) values? 37-47%
What are normal male hematocrit (Hct) values? 40-52%
a. it represents a person who has low counts for all three types of blood cells (RBC, WBC,
platelets).
What is pancytopenia and what causes it? (APLASTIC ANEMIA) b. represents failure of cell-generating capacity of bone marrow.
c. caused by infections such as hepatitis, HIV, Epstein-Barr, exposure to toxic levels of radiation
or chemicals
- Fatigue
- itching
- headache
- numbness of limbs
What are the most common symptoms of polycythemia?
- feeling of fullness
- dizziness
- shortness of breath
- splenomegaly
- Increase of cell production
- histamine release
Why do symptoms of polycythemia occur?
- increased blood viscosity
- makes spleen work harder Increasing in size
What organs are involved with polycythemia? Bone marrow & spleen
What lab results would you expect to see with the diagnosis of polycythemia? Increase of all blood cells above normal ranges.
- Anemia = little room left for RBC to develop
- Frequent Infections = T and B cells cant fight infections because they are immature.
- Bleeding = Same reason as anemia but thrombocytes.
- Enlargement of spleen and lymph nodes = they become clogged and over worked, too many
dysfunctional lymphocytes.
A child is diagnosed with acute leukemia. What are the most common signs and symptoms
of acute leukemia and what causes each one? - Bone pain = rapid proliferation of lymphocytes
S/S:
- Enlarged lymph nodes
- bone pain
- bleeding from gums
- bruising
- fever.
Excessive clotting and or excessive bleeding is indicative of abnormalities of which type of
Platelets
blood cell?
Thrombocytopenia Too little platelets causing excessive bleeding.
1/5
, Thrombocytosis Too many platelets causing excessive clotting.
- Inadequate intake of vitamin B-12 can lead to pernicious anemia.
- Lack of intrinsic factor which is required for B 12 absorption.
What is the pathology of B-12 deficiency? - Intrinsic factor is secreted by parietal cells. If parietal cells get destroyed by an autoimmune
disorder intrinsic factor is destroyed as well.
- No intrinsic factor=no vitamin B-12.
- Malabsorption with gastric bypass surgery.
(iron is stored in the Liver and released as needed to make new RBC in the bone marrow).
- Lack of dietary iron (usually due to little/no meat)
Iron deficiency can be due to what factors?
- the inability to properly absorb iron, acute or chronic blood loss (GI blood loss specifically)
- menstruation, pregnancy and breastfeeding all require greater amounts of iron
- Erythropoiesis--formation of RBCs, is stimulated by erythropoietin, a hormone released by
the kidneys.
- Erythropoietin is released in hypoxic states or when RBC count is low (erythrocytopenia or
What stimulates red blood cell production? What hormone is essential for production? erythropenia).
- Iron is the main nutritional element needed for hemoglobin.
- Hemoglobin synthesis starts hours after erythropoietin release.
- sickle cells assume a sickle/moon shape.
Sickle cell is characterized by what? What condition triggers a crisis? What are the complica- Complications:
tions of sickle cell disease? - renal disease
- RBC's cant squeeze through because of increased blood viscosity/ decreased blood circu-
lation which causes pain (due to ischemia)
malignant tumors
- CANCEROUS.
-unditterentiated, nonfunctional cells with abnormal cell membranes and altered surface
antigens.
How would you describe a malignant tumor? What makes them ditterent from a benign
- Breaks ott and spreads to distant sites=metastasis.
tumor? How do they spread?
benign tumor
- NOT called CANCER.
- encapsulated tumors: localized, ditterentiated cells that appear more norma
- does not metastasize (local invasion only)
- bone destruction
- bone marrow failure
- renal failure
- neurological complications
What is the impact of myeloma? What are clients at risk of with this disease? - bone/back pain
- reduced height (pressure on spinal cord)
-high calcium levels
those over 65?
What is the primary characteristic of an autoimmune disorder? Give two examples of autoim-
mune disorders 2/5
What are normal female hemoglobin (Hgb) values? 12-16
With acute blood loss or severe anemia, what would you expect to see change with Hgb and These levels would drop. The body wouldn't be able to deliver enough oxygen to tissues and
Hct? organs causing fatigue and weakness.
What are normal female hematocrit (Hct) values? 37-47%
What are normal male hematocrit (Hct) values? 40-52%
a. it represents a person who has low counts for all three types of blood cells (RBC, WBC,
platelets).
What is pancytopenia and what causes it? (APLASTIC ANEMIA) b. represents failure of cell-generating capacity of bone marrow.
c. caused by infections such as hepatitis, HIV, Epstein-Barr, exposure to toxic levels of radiation
or chemicals
- Fatigue
- itching
- headache
- numbness of limbs
What are the most common symptoms of polycythemia?
- feeling of fullness
- dizziness
- shortness of breath
- splenomegaly
- Increase of cell production
- histamine release
Why do symptoms of polycythemia occur?
- increased blood viscosity
- makes spleen work harder Increasing in size
What organs are involved with polycythemia? Bone marrow & spleen
What lab results would you expect to see with the diagnosis of polycythemia? Increase of all blood cells above normal ranges.
- Anemia = little room left for RBC to develop
- Frequent Infections = T and B cells cant fight infections because they are immature.
- Bleeding = Same reason as anemia but thrombocytes.
- Enlargement of spleen and lymph nodes = they become clogged and over worked, too many
dysfunctional lymphocytes.
A child is diagnosed with acute leukemia. What are the most common signs and symptoms
of acute leukemia and what causes each one? - Bone pain = rapid proliferation of lymphocytes
S/S:
- Enlarged lymph nodes
- bone pain
- bleeding from gums
- bruising
- fever.
Excessive clotting and or excessive bleeding is indicative of abnormalities of which type of
Platelets
blood cell?
Thrombocytopenia Too little platelets causing excessive bleeding.
1/5
, Thrombocytosis Too many platelets causing excessive clotting.
- Inadequate intake of vitamin B-12 can lead to pernicious anemia.
- Lack of intrinsic factor which is required for B 12 absorption.
What is the pathology of B-12 deficiency? - Intrinsic factor is secreted by parietal cells. If parietal cells get destroyed by an autoimmune
disorder intrinsic factor is destroyed as well.
- No intrinsic factor=no vitamin B-12.
- Malabsorption with gastric bypass surgery.
(iron is stored in the Liver and released as needed to make new RBC in the bone marrow).
- Lack of dietary iron (usually due to little/no meat)
Iron deficiency can be due to what factors?
- the inability to properly absorb iron, acute or chronic blood loss (GI blood loss specifically)
- menstruation, pregnancy and breastfeeding all require greater amounts of iron
- Erythropoiesis--formation of RBCs, is stimulated by erythropoietin, a hormone released by
the kidneys.
- Erythropoietin is released in hypoxic states or when RBC count is low (erythrocytopenia or
What stimulates red blood cell production? What hormone is essential for production? erythropenia).
- Iron is the main nutritional element needed for hemoglobin.
- Hemoglobin synthesis starts hours after erythropoietin release.
- sickle cells assume a sickle/moon shape.
Sickle cell is characterized by what? What condition triggers a crisis? What are the complica- Complications:
tions of sickle cell disease? - renal disease
- RBC's cant squeeze through because of increased blood viscosity/ decreased blood circu-
lation which causes pain (due to ischemia)
malignant tumors
- CANCEROUS.
-unditterentiated, nonfunctional cells with abnormal cell membranes and altered surface
antigens.
How would you describe a malignant tumor? What makes them ditterent from a benign
- Breaks ott and spreads to distant sites=metastasis.
tumor? How do they spread?
benign tumor
- NOT called CANCER.
- encapsulated tumors: localized, ditterentiated cells that appear more norma
- does not metastasize (local invasion only)
- bone destruction
- bone marrow failure
- renal failure
- neurological complications
What is the impact of myeloma? What are clients at risk of with this disease? - bone/back pain
- reduced height (pressure on spinal cord)
-high calcium levels
those over 65?
What is the primary characteristic of an autoimmune disorder? Give two examples of autoim-
mune disorders 2/5
