ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I EXAM PREP QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
◉ Efferent Sensory Receptors. Answer: from CNS out to effector
organs (down white matter motor tracts of cord). Pathway to
effector organ is made up of at least 2 motor neurons with a
synapse.
◉ Sympathetic. Answer: Speeds up (excites) and consumes energy.
"Fight or flight"
◉ Parasympathetic. Answer: Slows down (inhibits) and conserves
energy. "Rest and Digest".
◉ Autonomic Tone. Answer: The constant balance between the two
branches (sympathetic and para-)
◉ Sympathetic Division. Answer: Trunk (vertebral chain) ganglia -
serves upper body. Prevertebral (collateral) ganglia - serves below
the diaphragm.
,◉ Divergent effect. Answer: One sympathetic preganglionic fiber has
many axon collaterals and may synapse with 20 or more post
ganglionic neurons.
◉ Cholinergic receptors. Answer: Parasympathetic, always releases
ACH. Has 3 synapses.
◉ Adrenergic. Answer: Sympathetic, always releases
Norepinephrine. Has 1 synapse.
◉ Nicotinic. Answer: Found at the preganglionic ganglia, always
cholinergic. Can only excite (depolarize) synapses
◉ Muscarinic. Answer: At effector organs (postganglionic-
parasympathetic). can both excite (depolarize) and inhibit
(hyperpolarize) synpases.
◉ Alpha 1 and Beta 1. Answer: Excitatory receptors (cx. of muscles,
increases release of hormone). Muscles will contract and hormones
will be released, excitatory in nature.
◉ Alpha 2 and Beta 2. Answer: Inhibitory receptors (relaxing of
muscles, decrease release of hormones).
, ◉ Beta 1. Answer: Adrenergic receptor in the heart.
◉ Beta 2. Answer: Adrenergic receptor in the lungs, uterus, and
skeletal/ cardiac muslce BVs.
◉ Beta 3. Answer: Adrenergic receptor only active in infants for
burning brown fat -- thermogenesis.
◉ Exocrine gland. Answer: gland that secretes into ducts -- onto
body cavities and outside of the body.
◉ Endocrine gland. Answer: Gland that is ductless.
◉ Paracrine. Answer: Hormone that acts on near-by cells without
getting into the blood stream.
◉ Autocrine. Answer: Hormone that acts on the same cell that
secreted it.
◉ Hypothalamus. Answer: Produces releasing or inhibiting factors
that travel via blood to anterior pituitary. Also produces ADH and
Oxytocin that is released by the posterior pituitary.
◉ Efferent Sensory Receptors. Answer: from CNS out to effector
organs (down white matter motor tracts of cord). Pathway to
effector organ is made up of at least 2 motor neurons with a
synapse.
◉ Sympathetic. Answer: Speeds up (excites) and consumes energy.
"Fight or flight"
◉ Parasympathetic. Answer: Slows down (inhibits) and conserves
energy. "Rest and Digest".
◉ Autonomic Tone. Answer: The constant balance between the two
branches (sympathetic and para-)
◉ Sympathetic Division. Answer: Trunk (vertebral chain) ganglia -
serves upper body. Prevertebral (collateral) ganglia - serves below
the diaphragm.
,◉ Divergent effect. Answer: One sympathetic preganglionic fiber has
many axon collaterals and may synapse with 20 or more post
ganglionic neurons.
◉ Cholinergic receptors. Answer: Parasympathetic, always releases
ACH. Has 3 synapses.
◉ Adrenergic. Answer: Sympathetic, always releases
Norepinephrine. Has 1 synapse.
◉ Nicotinic. Answer: Found at the preganglionic ganglia, always
cholinergic. Can only excite (depolarize) synapses
◉ Muscarinic. Answer: At effector organs (postganglionic-
parasympathetic). can both excite (depolarize) and inhibit
(hyperpolarize) synpases.
◉ Alpha 1 and Beta 1. Answer: Excitatory receptors (cx. of muscles,
increases release of hormone). Muscles will contract and hormones
will be released, excitatory in nature.
◉ Alpha 2 and Beta 2. Answer: Inhibitory receptors (relaxing of
muscles, decrease release of hormones).
, ◉ Beta 1. Answer: Adrenergic receptor in the heart.
◉ Beta 2. Answer: Adrenergic receptor in the lungs, uterus, and
skeletal/ cardiac muslce BVs.
◉ Beta 3. Answer: Adrenergic receptor only active in infants for
burning brown fat -- thermogenesis.
◉ Exocrine gland. Answer: gland that secretes into ducts -- onto
body cavities and outside of the body.
◉ Endocrine gland. Answer: Gland that is ductless.
◉ Paracrine. Answer: Hormone that acts on near-by cells without
getting into the blood stream.
◉ Autocrine. Answer: Hormone that acts on the same cell that
secreted it.
◉ Hypothalamus. Answer: Produces releasing or inhibiting factors
that travel via blood to anterior pituitary. Also produces ADH and
Oxytocin that is released by the posterior pituitary.
