NURS 8006 Midterm Exam with
multiple choice questions with
correct answers and rationale
updated 2026 graded A+
Section I: Nursing Theory and Concepts (Questions 1-20)
Question 1
Which nursing theorist developed the Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory?
a. Florence Nightingale
b. Dorothea Orem
c. Virginia Henderson
d. Jean Watson
Answer: b
Rationale: Dorothea Orem developed the Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory, which emphasizes the
patient's ability to perform self-care activities. Florence Nightingale is known for her Environmental
Theory, Virginia Henderson for the 14 Basic Needs, and Jean Watson for the Theory of Human
Caring.
Question 2
According to Martha Rogers' Science of Unitary Human Beings, what is the fundamental concept
that distinguishes her theory from others?
a. Energy fields
b. Adaptation
c. Self-care
d. Stress reduction
Answer: a
,Rationale: Rogers' theory is based on the concept of energy fields and the unitary nature of humans
and their environment. Adaptation is central to Roy’s model, self-care to Orem’s, and stress
reduction is a focus in Neuman’s model.
Question 3
Which nursing theorist is most associated with the concept of "adaptation"?
a. Sister Callista Roy
b. Imogene King
c. Betty Neuman
d. Madeleine Leininger
Answer: a
Rationale: Sister Callista Roy’s Adaptation Model focuses on the individual's ability to adapt to
environmental changes. Imogene King is known for Goal Attainment Theory, Betty Neuman for the
Neuman Systems Model, and Madeleine Leininger for Culture Care Theory.
Question 4
In Orem's Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory, when a patient cannot meet their own self-care needs,
this is called:
a. Self-care deficit
b. Self-care agency
c. Therapeutic self-care demand
d. Dependent-care deficit
Answer: a
Rationale: Self-care deficit specifically refers to the inability to meet one’s own self-care needs in
Orem’s theory. Self-care agency is the individual’s ability to perform self-care, and therapeutic self-
care demand is the sum of self-care needs.
Question 5
Which theory focuses on the interaction between the nurse and patient as a dynamic, interpersonal
process?
a. Peplau's Interpersonal Relations Theory
b. Henderson's 14 Basic Needs
,c. Nightingale's Environmental Theory
d. Benner's Novice to Expert Theory
Answer: a
Rationale: Hildegard Peplau’s Interpersonal Relations Theory emphasizes the therapeutic nurse-
patient relationship as a dynamic, interpersonal process. Henderson’s theory focuses on basic needs,
Nightingale’s on the environment, and Benner’s on skill acquisition.
Question 6
According to Virginia Henderson, the unique function of the nurse is to:
a. Assist individuals to perform activities contributing to health
b. Provide medical treatments as prescribed by physicians
c. Manage healthcare teams in hospital settings
d. Conduct nursing research
Answer: a
Rationale: Henderson defined nursing as assisting individuals (sick or well) in the performance of
activities contributing to health, recovery, or peaceful death.
Question 7
Which of the following is NOT one of the 14 basic needs identified by Virginia Henderson?
a. Breathe normally
b. Eat and drink adequately
c. Achieve self-actualization
d. Eliminate body wastes
Answer: c
Rationale: While Henderson’s 14 basic needs cover physiological and psychosocial needs, self-
actualization is not one of them (it is part of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs).
Question 8
In Madeleine Leininger's Culture Care Theory, which of the following is NOT a mode of nursing
decision and action?
, a. Culture care preservation/maintenance
b. Culture care accommodation/negotiation
c. Culture care repatterning/restructuring
d. Culture care elimination
Answer: d
Rationale: Leininger identified three modes: preservation/maintenance,
accommodation/negotiation, and repatterning/restructuring. Culture care elimination is not one of
them.
Question 9
Which theory emphasizes the importance of the environment in the healing process?
a. Nightingale's Environmental Theory
b. Rogers' Science of Unitary Human Beings
c. Orem's Self-Care Deficit Theory
d. King's Goal Attainment Theory
Answer: a
Rationale: Florence Nightingale’s Environmental Theory focuses on manipulating the environment to
promote healing. Rogers’ theory is about energy fields, Orem’s about self-care, and King’s about goal
attainment.
Question 10
According to Patricia Benner's model, which stage comes immediately after the "Advanced
Beginner" stage?
a. Novice
b. Competent
c. Proficient
d. Expert
Answer: b
Rationale: Benner’s stages are: Novice → Advanced Beginner → Competent → Proficient → Expert.
multiple choice questions with
correct answers and rationale
updated 2026 graded A+
Section I: Nursing Theory and Concepts (Questions 1-20)
Question 1
Which nursing theorist developed the Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory?
a. Florence Nightingale
b. Dorothea Orem
c. Virginia Henderson
d. Jean Watson
Answer: b
Rationale: Dorothea Orem developed the Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory, which emphasizes the
patient's ability to perform self-care activities. Florence Nightingale is known for her Environmental
Theory, Virginia Henderson for the 14 Basic Needs, and Jean Watson for the Theory of Human
Caring.
Question 2
According to Martha Rogers' Science of Unitary Human Beings, what is the fundamental concept
that distinguishes her theory from others?
a. Energy fields
b. Adaptation
c. Self-care
d. Stress reduction
Answer: a
,Rationale: Rogers' theory is based on the concept of energy fields and the unitary nature of humans
and their environment. Adaptation is central to Roy’s model, self-care to Orem’s, and stress
reduction is a focus in Neuman’s model.
Question 3
Which nursing theorist is most associated with the concept of "adaptation"?
a. Sister Callista Roy
b. Imogene King
c. Betty Neuman
d. Madeleine Leininger
Answer: a
Rationale: Sister Callista Roy’s Adaptation Model focuses on the individual's ability to adapt to
environmental changes. Imogene King is known for Goal Attainment Theory, Betty Neuman for the
Neuman Systems Model, and Madeleine Leininger for Culture Care Theory.
Question 4
In Orem's Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory, when a patient cannot meet their own self-care needs,
this is called:
a. Self-care deficit
b. Self-care agency
c. Therapeutic self-care demand
d. Dependent-care deficit
Answer: a
Rationale: Self-care deficit specifically refers to the inability to meet one’s own self-care needs in
Orem’s theory. Self-care agency is the individual’s ability to perform self-care, and therapeutic self-
care demand is the sum of self-care needs.
Question 5
Which theory focuses on the interaction between the nurse and patient as a dynamic, interpersonal
process?
a. Peplau's Interpersonal Relations Theory
b. Henderson's 14 Basic Needs
,c. Nightingale's Environmental Theory
d. Benner's Novice to Expert Theory
Answer: a
Rationale: Hildegard Peplau’s Interpersonal Relations Theory emphasizes the therapeutic nurse-
patient relationship as a dynamic, interpersonal process. Henderson’s theory focuses on basic needs,
Nightingale’s on the environment, and Benner’s on skill acquisition.
Question 6
According to Virginia Henderson, the unique function of the nurse is to:
a. Assist individuals to perform activities contributing to health
b. Provide medical treatments as prescribed by physicians
c. Manage healthcare teams in hospital settings
d. Conduct nursing research
Answer: a
Rationale: Henderson defined nursing as assisting individuals (sick or well) in the performance of
activities contributing to health, recovery, or peaceful death.
Question 7
Which of the following is NOT one of the 14 basic needs identified by Virginia Henderson?
a. Breathe normally
b. Eat and drink adequately
c. Achieve self-actualization
d. Eliminate body wastes
Answer: c
Rationale: While Henderson’s 14 basic needs cover physiological and psychosocial needs, self-
actualization is not one of them (it is part of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs).
Question 8
In Madeleine Leininger's Culture Care Theory, which of the following is NOT a mode of nursing
decision and action?
, a. Culture care preservation/maintenance
b. Culture care accommodation/negotiation
c. Culture care repatterning/restructuring
d. Culture care elimination
Answer: d
Rationale: Leininger identified three modes: preservation/maintenance,
accommodation/negotiation, and repatterning/restructuring. Culture care elimination is not one of
them.
Question 9
Which theory emphasizes the importance of the environment in the healing process?
a. Nightingale's Environmental Theory
b. Rogers' Science of Unitary Human Beings
c. Orem's Self-Care Deficit Theory
d. King's Goal Attainment Theory
Answer: a
Rationale: Florence Nightingale’s Environmental Theory focuses on manipulating the environment to
promote healing. Rogers’ theory is about energy fields, Orem’s about self-care, and King’s about goal
attainment.
Question 10
According to Patricia Benner's model, which stage comes immediately after the "Advanced
Beginner" stage?
a. Novice
b. Competent
c. Proficient
d. Expert
Answer: b
Rationale: Benner’s stages are: Novice → Advanced Beginner → Competent → Proficient → Expert.
