• NURS 6501EXAM 09/13/2026
NURS 6501 Advanced Pathophysiology Exam
4 QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS
RATED A+ | 2026/2027 GUIDE | GCU| 2026/2027
Latest Update | Complete Chapter Questions
& Answers with Rationales | Verified Questions
& Answers | Graded A+
1. What is the most abundant class of plasma protein?
a. Globulin
b. Clotting factors
c. Albumin
d. Complement proteins –
P 1
, • NURS 6501EXAM 09/13/2026
Correct Answer :Albumin. Albumin (approximately 60% of total plasma protein at a concentration of about 4
g/dl) is the most abundant plasma protein.
1. What is the effect of low plasma albumin?
a. Clotting factors decrease, thus increasing the chance of prolonged bleeding.
b. Fewer immunoglobulins are synthesized, thus impairing the immune function.
c. Less iron is stored, thus increasing the incidence of iron deficiency anemia.
d. Osmotic pressure decreases, thus water moves from the capillaries to the interstitium. –
Correct Answer :In the case of decreased production (e.g., cirrhosis, other diffuse liver diseases, protein
malnutrition) or excessive loss of albumin (e.g., certain kidney diseases, extensive burns), the reduced oncotic
pressure leads to excessive movement of fluid and solutes into the tissues and decreased blood volume.
1. The absence of parietal cells would prevent the absorption of an essential nutrient necessary to prevent which
type of anemia?
a. Iron deficiency
b. Folic acid deficiency anemia
c. Pernicious anemia
d. Aplastic anemia
- Correct Answer :Pernicious anemia. Dietary vitamin B12 is a large molecule that requires a protein secreted by
parietal cells into the stomach (intrinsic factor [IF]) to transport across the ileum. Defects in IF production lead to
decreased B12 absorption and pernicious anemia.
1. Which nutrients are necessary for the synthesis of DNA and the maturation of erythrocytes?
a. Protein and niacin
b. Cobalamin (vitamin B12) and folate
c. Iron and vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
d. Pantothenic acid and vitamin C –
P 2
, • NURS 6501EXAM 09/13/2026
Correct Answer :Cobalamin and folate are necessary for the synthesis of DNA and for the maturation of
erythrocytes.
1. Which substance is used to correct the chronic anemia associated with chronic renal failure?
a. Iron
b. Cobalamin (vitamin B12)
c. Erythropoietin
d. Folate –
Correct Answer :Erythropoietin. One of the most significant advances in the study of hematopoietic growth
factors has been the development of erythropoietin for individuals with chronic renal failure.
1. What is plasmin's role in the clotting process?
a. Stimulates platelet aggregation.
b. Inhibits platelet adhesion and aggregation.
c. Prevents the conversion of prothrombin to degrade the fibrin within blood clots.
d. Degrades the fibrin within blood clots. –
Correct Answer :Degrades the fibrin within blood clots. Plasmin (also called fibrinase or fibrinolysin) is a serine
protease that degrades fibrin polymers in clots.
1. What changes to the hematologic system is related to age?
a. Platelet adhesiveness decreases.
b. Lymphocyte function decreases.
c. Cellular immunity increases.
d. Erythrocyte reproduction accelerates. –
Correct Answer :Lymphocyte function decreases. Blood composition changes little with age. A delay in
erythrocyte replenishment may occur after bleeding, presumably because of iron deficiency. Lymphocyte
function appears to decrease with age. Particularly affected is a decrease in cellular immunity. Platelet
adhesiveness probably increases with age.
P 3
, • NURS 6501EXAM 09/13/2026
1. Which statements characterize albumin? (Select all that apply.)
a. Retains sodium to maintain water balance.
b. Provides colloid osmotic pressure.
c. Is synthesized in the liver.
d. Is a carrier for drugs that have low water solubility.
e. Is a small molecule
- Correct Answer :B, C, D. Albumin is a plasma protein produced by the liver. It serves as a carrier molecule for
the normal components of blood, as well as for drugs that have low solubility in water (e.g., free fatty acids, lipid-
soluble hormones, thyroid hormones, bile salts). Albumin molecules are large and do not diffuse freely through
the vascular endothelium, thus they maintain the critical colloidal osmotic pressure (or oncotic pressure) that
regulates the passage of water and solutes into the surrounding tissues.
1. The paresthesia that occurs in vitamin B12 deficiency anemia is a result of which of the following?
a. Reduction in acetylcholine receptors in the postsynaptic nerves
b. Myelin degeneration in the spinal cord
c. Destruction of myelin in peripheral nerves
d. Altered function of neurons in the parietal lobe
- Correct Answer :Myelin degeneration in the spinal cord. Effects on the nervous system can occur if a vitamin
B12 deficiency causes the anemia. Myelin degeneration may occur with the resultant loss of fibers in the spinal
cord, producing paresthesia (numbness), gait disturbances, extreme weakness, spasticity, and reflex
abnormalities.
1. Which of the following is classified as a megaloblastic anemia?
a. Iron deficiency
b. Sideroblastic
c. Pernicious
d. Hemolytic - Correct Answer :Pernicious anemia is the most common type of megaloblastic anemia.
P 4
NURS 6501 Advanced Pathophysiology Exam
4 QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS
RATED A+ | 2026/2027 GUIDE | GCU| 2026/2027
Latest Update | Complete Chapter Questions
& Answers with Rationales | Verified Questions
& Answers | Graded A+
1. What is the most abundant class of plasma protein?
a. Globulin
b. Clotting factors
c. Albumin
d. Complement proteins –
P 1
, • NURS 6501EXAM 09/13/2026
Correct Answer :Albumin. Albumin (approximately 60% of total plasma protein at a concentration of about 4
g/dl) is the most abundant plasma protein.
1. What is the effect of low plasma albumin?
a. Clotting factors decrease, thus increasing the chance of prolonged bleeding.
b. Fewer immunoglobulins are synthesized, thus impairing the immune function.
c. Less iron is stored, thus increasing the incidence of iron deficiency anemia.
d. Osmotic pressure decreases, thus water moves from the capillaries to the interstitium. –
Correct Answer :In the case of decreased production (e.g., cirrhosis, other diffuse liver diseases, protein
malnutrition) or excessive loss of albumin (e.g., certain kidney diseases, extensive burns), the reduced oncotic
pressure leads to excessive movement of fluid and solutes into the tissues and decreased blood volume.
1. The absence of parietal cells would prevent the absorption of an essential nutrient necessary to prevent which
type of anemia?
a. Iron deficiency
b. Folic acid deficiency anemia
c. Pernicious anemia
d. Aplastic anemia
- Correct Answer :Pernicious anemia. Dietary vitamin B12 is a large molecule that requires a protein secreted by
parietal cells into the stomach (intrinsic factor [IF]) to transport across the ileum. Defects in IF production lead to
decreased B12 absorption and pernicious anemia.
1. Which nutrients are necessary for the synthesis of DNA and the maturation of erythrocytes?
a. Protein and niacin
b. Cobalamin (vitamin B12) and folate
c. Iron and vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
d. Pantothenic acid and vitamin C –
P 2
, • NURS 6501EXAM 09/13/2026
Correct Answer :Cobalamin and folate are necessary for the synthesis of DNA and for the maturation of
erythrocytes.
1. Which substance is used to correct the chronic anemia associated with chronic renal failure?
a. Iron
b. Cobalamin (vitamin B12)
c. Erythropoietin
d. Folate –
Correct Answer :Erythropoietin. One of the most significant advances in the study of hematopoietic growth
factors has been the development of erythropoietin for individuals with chronic renal failure.
1. What is plasmin's role in the clotting process?
a. Stimulates platelet aggregation.
b. Inhibits platelet adhesion and aggregation.
c. Prevents the conversion of prothrombin to degrade the fibrin within blood clots.
d. Degrades the fibrin within blood clots. –
Correct Answer :Degrades the fibrin within blood clots. Plasmin (also called fibrinase or fibrinolysin) is a serine
protease that degrades fibrin polymers in clots.
1. What changes to the hematologic system is related to age?
a. Platelet adhesiveness decreases.
b. Lymphocyte function decreases.
c. Cellular immunity increases.
d. Erythrocyte reproduction accelerates. –
Correct Answer :Lymphocyte function decreases. Blood composition changes little with age. A delay in
erythrocyte replenishment may occur after bleeding, presumably because of iron deficiency. Lymphocyte
function appears to decrease with age. Particularly affected is a decrease in cellular immunity. Platelet
adhesiveness probably increases with age.
P 3
, • NURS 6501EXAM 09/13/2026
1. Which statements characterize albumin? (Select all that apply.)
a. Retains sodium to maintain water balance.
b. Provides colloid osmotic pressure.
c. Is synthesized in the liver.
d. Is a carrier for drugs that have low water solubility.
e. Is a small molecule
- Correct Answer :B, C, D. Albumin is a plasma protein produced by the liver. It serves as a carrier molecule for
the normal components of blood, as well as for drugs that have low solubility in water (e.g., free fatty acids, lipid-
soluble hormones, thyroid hormones, bile salts). Albumin molecules are large and do not diffuse freely through
the vascular endothelium, thus they maintain the critical colloidal osmotic pressure (or oncotic pressure) that
regulates the passage of water and solutes into the surrounding tissues.
1. The paresthesia that occurs in vitamin B12 deficiency anemia is a result of which of the following?
a. Reduction in acetylcholine receptors in the postsynaptic nerves
b. Myelin degeneration in the spinal cord
c. Destruction of myelin in peripheral nerves
d. Altered function of neurons in the parietal lobe
- Correct Answer :Myelin degeneration in the spinal cord. Effects on the nervous system can occur if a vitamin
B12 deficiency causes the anemia. Myelin degeneration may occur with the resultant loss of fibers in the spinal
cord, producing paresthesia (numbness), gait disturbances, extreme weakness, spasticity, and reflex
abnormalities.
1. Which of the following is classified as a megaloblastic anemia?
a. Iron deficiency
b. Sideroblastic
c. Pernicious
d. Hemolytic - Correct Answer :Pernicious anemia is the most common type of megaloblastic anemia.
P 4
