WGU D236
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT EXAM STUDY GUIDE
Actual Questions and Answers
100% Guarantee Pass
2026-2027 Update Exam
This Exam contains:
➢ 114 Questions and Answers
➢ 100% Guarantee Pass
➢ Verified Questions & Explanations
➢ Each Question Includes The Correct Answer
➢ Expert-Verified explanation
,Question 1: What is Starling's Law of Capillary forces? How does this explain why a
nutritionally deficient child would have edema?
Answer: Starling's Law describes how fluids move across the capillary membrane. There are
two major opposing forces that act to balance each other, hydrostatic pressure (pushing water out
of the capillaries) and osmotic pressure (including oncontic pressure, which pushes fluid into the
capillaries). Both electrolytes and proteins (oncontic pressure) in the blood affect osmotic
pressure, high electrolyte and protein concentrations in the blood would cause water to leave the
cells and interstitial space and enter the blood stream to dilute the high concentrations. On, the
other hand, low electrolyte and protein concentrations (as seen in a nutritionally deficient child)
would cause water to leave the capillaries and enter the cells and interstitial fluid which can lead
to edema. Correct answer ✔✔
Question 2: How does the RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System) result in
increased blood volume and increased blood pressure?
Answer: A drop in blood pressure is sensed by the kidneys by low perfusion, which in turn
begins to secrete renin. Renin then triggers the liver to produce angiotensinogen, which is
converted to Angiotensin I in the lungs and then angiotensin II by the enzyme Angiotensin-
converting enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin II stimulates peripheral arterial vasoconstriction which
raises BP. Angiotensin II is also stimulating the adrenal gland to release aldosterone, which acts
to increase sodium and water reabsorption increasing blood volume, while also increased
potassium secretion in urine. Correct answer ✔✔
Question 3: How can hyperkalemia lead to cardiac arrest?
,Answer: Normal levels of potassium are between 3.5 and 5.2 mEq/dL. Hyperkalemia refers to
potassium levels higher that 5.2 mEq/dL. A major function of potassium is to conduct nerve
impulses in muscles. Too low and muscle weakness occurs and too much can cause muscle
spasms. This is especially dangerous in the heart muscle and an irregular heartbeat can cause a
heart attack. Correct answer ✔✔
Question 4: The body uses the Protein Buffering System, Phosphate Buffering System, and
Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate System to regulate and maintain homeostatic pH, what is the
consequence of a pH imbalance?
Answer: Proteins contain many acidic and basic group that can be affected by pH changes. Any
increase or decrease in blood pH can alter the structure of the protein (denature), thereby
affecting its function as well. Correct answer ✔✔
Question 5: Describe the laboratory findings associated with metabolic acidosis, metabolic
alkalosis, respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis. (ie relative pH and CO2 levels).
Answer: Normal ABGs (Arterial Blood Gases) Blood pH: 7.35-7.45 PCO2: 35-45 mm Hg PO2:
90-100 mm Hg HCO3-: 22-26 mEq/L SaO2: 95-100%. Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis are
marked by changes in PCO2. Higher = acidosis and lower = alkalosis. Metabolic acidosis and
alkalosis are caused by something other than abnormal CO2 levels. This could include toxicity,
diabetes, renal failure or excessive GI losses. Here are the rules to follow to determine if is
respiratory or metabolic in nature: -If pH and PCO2 are moving in opposite directions, then it is
the pCO2 levels that are causing the imbalance and it is respiratory in nature. -If PCO2 is normal
or is moving in the same direction as the pH, then the imbalance is metabolic in nature. Correct
answer ✔✔
, Question 6: Why would an increased anion gap be observed in diabetic ketoacidosis or
lactic acidosis?
Answer: The anion gap is the calculation of unmeasured anions in the blood. Lactic acid and
ketones both lead to the production of unmeasured anions, which remove HCO3- (a measured
anion) due to buffering of the excess H+ and therefore leads to an increase in the AG. Correct
answer ✔✔
Question 7: Why is it important to maintain a homeostatic balance of glucose in the blood
(ie describe the pathogenesis of diabetes)?
Answer: Insulin is the hormone responsible for initiating the uptake of glucose by the cells.
Cells use glucose to produce energy (ATP). In a normal individual, when blood glucose
increases, the pancreas is signaled to produced in insulin, which binds to insulin receptors on a
cells surface and initiates the uptake of glucose. Glucose is a very reactive molecule and if left in
the blood, it can start to bind to other proteins and lipids, which can lead to loss of function.
AGEs are advanced glycation end products that are a result of glucose reacting with the
endothelial lining, which can lead to damage in the heart and kidneys. Correct answer ✔✔
Question 8: Compare and contrast Type I and Type II Diabetes.
Answer: Type I diabetes is caused by lack of insulin. With out insulin signaling, glucose will not
be taken into the cell and leads to high blood glucose (hyperglycemia). Type I is usually treated
with insulin injections. Type II diabetes is caused by a desensitization to insulin signaling. The
insulin receptors are no longer responding to insulin, which also leads to hyperglycemia. Type II
is usually treated with drugs to increase the sensitization to insulin (metformin), dietary and life-
style changes or insulin injections. Correct answer ✔✔
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT EXAM STUDY GUIDE
Actual Questions and Answers
100% Guarantee Pass
2026-2027 Update Exam
This Exam contains:
➢ 114 Questions and Answers
➢ 100% Guarantee Pass
➢ Verified Questions & Explanations
➢ Each Question Includes The Correct Answer
➢ Expert-Verified explanation
,Question 1: What is Starling's Law of Capillary forces? How does this explain why a
nutritionally deficient child would have edema?
Answer: Starling's Law describes how fluids move across the capillary membrane. There are
two major opposing forces that act to balance each other, hydrostatic pressure (pushing water out
of the capillaries) and osmotic pressure (including oncontic pressure, which pushes fluid into the
capillaries). Both electrolytes and proteins (oncontic pressure) in the blood affect osmotic
pressure, high electrolyte and protein concentrations in the blood would cause water to leave the
cells and interstitial space and enter the blood stream to dilute the high concentrations. On, the
other hand, low electrolyte and protein concentrations (as seen in a nutritionally deficient child)
would cause water to leave the capillaries and enter the cells and interstitial fluid which can lead
to edema. Correct answer ✔✔
Question 2: How does the RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System) result in
increased blood volume and increased blood pressure?
Answer: A drop in blood pressure is sensed by the kidneys by low perfusion, which in turn
begins to secrete renin. Renin then triggers the liver to produce angiotensinogen, which is
converted to Angiotensin I in the lungs and then angiotensin II by the enzyme Angiotensin-
converting enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin II stimulates peripheral arterial vasoconstriction which
raises BP. Angiotensin II is also stimulating the adrenal gland to release aldosterone, which acts
to increase sodium and water reabsorption increasing blood volume, while also increased
potassium secretion in urine. Correct answer ✔✔
Question 3: How can hyperkalemia lead to cardiac arrest?
,Answer: Normal levels of potassium are between 3.5 and 5.2 mEq/dL. Hyperkalemia refers to
potassium levels higher that 5.2 mEq/dL. A major function of potassium is to conduct nerve
impulses in muscles. Too low and muscle weakness occurs and too much can cause muscle
spasms. This is especially dangerous in the heart muscle and an irregular heartbeat can cause a
heart attack. Correct answer ✔✔
Question 4: The body uses the Protein Buffering System, Phosphate Buffering System, and
Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate System to regulate and maintain homeostatic pH, what is the
consequence of a pH imbalance?
Answer: Proteins contain many acidic and basic group that can be affected by pH changes. Any
increase or decrease in blood pH can alter the structure of the protein (denature), thereby
affecting its function as well. Correct answer ✔✔
Question 5: Describe the laboratory findings associated with metabolic acidosis, metabolic
alkalosis, respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis. (ie relative pH and CO2 levels).
Answer: Normal ABGs (Arterial Blood Gases) Blood pH: 7.35-7.45 PCO2: 35-45 mm Hg PO2:
90-100 mm Hg HCO3-: 22-26 mEq/L SaO2: 95-100%. Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis are
marked by changes in PCO2. Higher = acidosis and lower = alkalosis. Metabolic acidosis and
alkalosis are caused by something other than abnormal CO2 levels. This could include toxicity,
diabetes, renal failure or excessive GI losses. Here are the rules to follow to determine if is
respiratory or metabolic in nature: -If pH and PCO2 are moving in opposite directions, then it is
the pCO2 levels that are causing the imbalance and it is respiratory in nature. -If PCO2 is normal
or is moving in the same direction as the pH, then the imbalance is metabolic in nature. Correct
answer ✔✔
, Question 6: Why would an increased anion gap be observed in diabetic ketoacidosis or
lactic acidosis?
Answer: The anion gap is the calculation of unmeasured anions in the blood. Lactic acid and
ketones both lead to the production of unmeasured anions, which remove HCO3- (a measured
anion) due to buffering of the excess H+ and therefore leads to an increase in the AG. Correct
answer ✔✔
Question 7: Why is it important to maintain a homeostatic balance of glucose in the blood
(ie describe the pathogenesis of diabetes)?
Answer: Insulin is the hormone responsible for initiating the uptake of glucose by the cells.
Cells use glucose to produce energy (ATP). In a normal individual, when blood glucose
increases, the pancreas is signaled to produced in insulin, which binds to insulin receptors on a
cells surface and initiates the uptake of glucose. Glucose is a very reactive molecule and if left in
the blood, it can start to bind to other proteins and lipids, which can lead to loss of function.
AGEs are advanced glycation end products that are a result of glucose reacting with the
endothelial lining, which can lead to damage in the heart and kidneys. Correct answer ✔✔
Question 8: Compare and contrast Type I and Type II Diabetes.
Answer: Type I diabetes is caused by lack of insulin. With out insulin signaling, glucose will not
be taken into the cell and leads to high blood glucose (hyperglycemia). Type I is usually treated
with insulin injections. Type II diabetes is caused by a desensitization to insulin signaling. The
insulin receptors are no longer responding to insulin, which also leads to hyperglycemia. Type II
is usually treated with drugs to increase the sensitization to insulin (metformin), dietary and life-
style changes or insulin injections. Correct answer ✔✔
