SCI 225 Pathophysiology Final
Study Guide | Nightingale College
Practice Questions & Exam Prep
2026/2027
, leukemia is classified. Leukemia is classified according to the type of blood cell affected (lymphoid or
myeloid) and the maturity of the cells (acute or chronic), resulting in four main types:
acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), acute
myeloid leukemia (AML), and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).
Virchow triad The three factors that contribute to the formation of thrombi: alterations in blood flow
(stasis or turbulence), vessel wall injury, and hypercoagulability of the blood.
Atherosclerosis A condition where plaque builds up in the walls of arteries, causing narrowing and
potential blockage of blood flow, leading to potential complications such as heart
attack and stroke.
Compare and contrast thrombus and emboli A thrombus is a blood clot that forms in a vessel and may or may not cause
symptoms, while an embolus is a clot or other particle that travels through the
bloodstream and can cause a blockage in a smaller vessel.
Laboratory tests to evaluate disseminated intravascular Lab tests to evaluate DIC include a complete blood count (CBC), prothrombin time
coagulation (DIC) (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), fibrinogen level, D-dimer level,
and platelet count.
Shift-to-the-left phenomena Refers to an increase in the number of immature white blood cells (bands and
metamyelocytes) in the peripheral blood, often seen in response to infection or
inflammation.
Pathophysiology of polycythemia Polycythemia is characterized by an increase in red blood cells, often due to
overproduction of erythropoietin or other factors, leading to potential complications
such as thrombosis and hypertension.
Clinical manifestations and evaluation of multiple The clinical manifestations of multiple myeloma include bone pain, fatigue, anemia,
myeloma, leukemias, and Burkitt lymphoma. hypercalcemia, renal insufficiency, and recurrent infections. Leukemia presents with
symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, fever, and bleeding or bruising. Burkitt
lymphoma presents with rapid-onset swelling of lymph nodes, fever, night sweats,
and weight loss. Evaluation may include blood tests, bone marrow biopsy, and
imaging studies.
General pathophysiology of leukemia, disseminated Leukemia is a malignant proliferation of white blood cells in the bone marrow.
intravascular coagulation, essential thrombocythemia, Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a disorder that leads to the
hemochromatosis formation of blood clots in small blood vessels throughout the body. Essential
thrombocythemia is a condition in which the bone marrow produces too many
platelets. Hemochromatosis is a condition characterized by the deposition of iron in
various tissues of the body.
Clinical presentation of lymphoma Lymphoma may present with painless swelling of lymph nodes, fever, night sweats,
weight loss, and fatigue.
Pathophysiology of lymphoblastic lymphoma and Lymphoblastic lymphoma is a type of lymphoma that arises from immature T or B
disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) lymphocytes. DIC is a disorder that leads to the formation of blood clots in small
blood vessels throughout the body, which can cause organ damage and bleeding.
Pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of multiple Multiple myeloma is a malignant proliferation of plasma cells in the bone marrow. It
myeloma can cause bone pain, fatigue, anemia, hypercalcemia, renal insufficiency and
recurrent infections. The excessive production of abnormal plasma cells also leads
to the secretion of monoclonal immunoglobulins, which can cause hyperviscosity
syndrome, amyloidosis, and renal damage.
Risk factors associated with non-Hodgkins lymphoma Risk factors for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma include immunodeficiency, infections with
certain viruses or bacteria, exposure to radiation or chemicals, and family history of
lymphoma.
Study Guide | Nightingale College
Practice Questions & Exam Prep
2026/2027
, leukemia is classified. Leukemia is classified according to the type of blood cell affected (lymphoid or
myeloid) and the maturity of the cells (acute or chronic), resulting in four main types:
acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), acute
myeloid leukemia (AML), and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).
Virchow triad The three factors that contribute to the formation of thrombi: alterations in blood flow
(stasis or turbulence), vessel wall injury, and hypercoagulability of the blood.
Atherosclerosis A condition where plaque builds up in the walls of arteries, causing narrowing and
potential blockage of blood flow, leading to potential complications such as heart
attack and stroke.
Compare and contrast thrombus and emboli A thrombus is a blood clot that forms in a vessel and may or may not cause
symptoms, while an embolus is a clot or other particle that travels through the
bloodstream and can cause a blockage in a smaller vessel.
Laboratory tests to evaluate disseminated intravascular Lab tests to evaluate DIC include a complete blood count (CBC), prothrombin time
coagulation (DIC) (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), fibrinogen level, D-dimer level,
and platelet count.
Shift-to-the-left phenomena Refers to an increase in the number of immature white blood cells (bands and
metamyelocytes) in the peripheral blood, often seen in response to infection or
inflammation.
Pathophysiology of polycythemia Polycythemia is characterized by an increase in red blood cells, often due to
overproduction of erythropoietin or other factors, leading to potential complications
such as thrombosis and hypertension.
Clinical manifestations and evaluation of multiple The clinical manifestations of multiple myeloma include bone pain, fatigue, anemia,
myeloma, leukemias, and Burkitt lymphoma. hypercalcemia, renal insufficiency, and recurrent infections. Leukemia presents with
symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, fever, and bleeding or bruising. Burkitt
lymphoma presents with rapid-onset swelling of lymph nodes, fever, night sweats,
and weight loss. Evaluation may include blood tests, bone marrow biopsy, and
imaging studies.
General pathophysiology of leukemia, disseminated Leukemia is a malignant proliferation of white blood cells in the bone marrow.
intravascular coagulation, essential thrombocythemia, Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a disorder that leads to the
hemochromatosis formation of blood clots in small blood vessels throughout the body. Essential
thrombocythemia is a condition in which the bone marrow produces too many
platelets. Hemochromatosis is a condition characterized by the deposition of iron in
various tissues of the body.
Clinical presentation of lymphoma Lymphoma may present with painless swelling of lymph nodes, fever, night sweats,
weight loss, and fatigue.
Pathophysiology of lymphoblastic lymphoma and Lymphoblastic lymphoma is a type of lymphoma that arises from immature T or B
disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) lymphocytes. DIC is a disorder that leads to the formation of blood clots in small
blood vessels throughout the body, which can cause organ damage and bleeding.
Pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of multiple Multiple myeloma is a malignant proliferation of plasma cells in the bone marrow. It
myeloma can cause bone pain, fatigue, anemia, hypercalcemia, renal insufficiency and
recurrent infections. The excessive production of abnormal plasma cells also leads
to the secretion of monoclonal immunoglobulins, which can cause hyperviscosity
syndrome, amyloidosis, and renal damage.
Risk factors associated with non-Hodgkins lymphoma Risk factors for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma include immunodeficiency, infections with
certain viruses or bacteria, exposure to radiation or chemicals, and family history of
lymphoma.
