NR 341 EXAM 2 LATEST UPDATE
VERIFIED QUESTIONS & DETAILED
EXPLANATIONS GRADED A+
Professional Academic Assistance Services
What parameters are assessed to evaluate fluid volume status? -
Answer: Vital signs (BP), central venous pressure (CVP),
pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), breath sounds, oxygen
saturation, skin turgor, edema, and weight.
What are the types of hemodynamic monitoring? - Answer:
Pulmonary artery (PA) monitoring/PAWP/PAOP/LAP, Direct
arterial BP monitoring, Right arterial pressure (RAP)/CVP
monitoring
Where is PAWP/LAP placed? - Answer: placed in the left side of
the heart and measures the left ventricular function
What is the normal range for PAWP? - Answer: 6-12 mmHg.
What does a high PAWP indicate? - Answer: Large amounts of
fluid in the lungs, like CHF
,What does a low PAWP indicate? - Answer: Severe dehydration
What else can PAWP/LAP measure? - Answer: central venous
pressure (CVP)
How is direct arterial blood pressure monitored? - Answer:
Through an arterial line (A-line), which is an angiocath in the
artery
How is a right arterial pressure (RAP)/ central venous pressure
(CVP) line placed? - Answer: Triple lumen central line that is
inserted into either the femoral, radial, or brachial vein that
travels to the right atrium through the vena cava
(superior/inferior)
How is RAP/CVP placed? - Answer: using an aseptic technique
that can be done bedside with consent, pt is in
supine/trendelenburg position, placement is confirmed with a
chest x-ray
What is the normal range for RAP/CVP? - Answer: 2-8 mmHg.
,What can high RAP/CVP indicate? - Answer: Right-sided heart
failure.
What can low RAP/CVP indicate? - Answer: Severe dehydration.
What else could a high or low RAP/CVP reading indicate? -
Answer: wrong placement of the transducer
What are some complications of CVP monitoring? - Answer:
Pneumothorax, infection, bleeding, thrombus, and embolism.
What is preload? - Answer: The volume of blood in the
ventricles at the end of diastole.
What causes increased preload? - Answer: Hypervolemia,
regurgitation of cardiac valves, and heart failure.
What are the manifestations and treatment for increased
preload? - Answer: Manifestations: high CVP/PAWP
Treatment: remove fluids, fluid restriction
What can cause decreased preload? - Answer: fluid volume
, deficit, bleeding, diarrhea, diabetes insipidus
What are the manifestations and treatment of decreased
preload? - Answer: Manifestations: Low BP, dry mucous
membranes, s/s of dehydration
Treatment: fluids
What is afterload? - Answer: The resistance the left ventricle
must overcome to circulate blood.
What conditions increase afterload? - Answer: Hypertension,
vasoconstriction (results in high cardiac workload)
What causes increased afterload? - Answer: HTN,
atherosclerotic plaque buildup
What is the treatment for increased afterload? - Answer:
Nitroglycerin
What are some causes of decreased afterload? - Answer: too
much nitro, anaphylaxis shock
VERIFIED QUESTIONS & DETAILED
EXPLANATIONS GRADED A+
Professional Academic Assistance Services
What parameters are assessed to evaluate fluid volume status? -
Answer: Vital signs (BP), central venous pressure (CVP),
pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), breath sounds, oxygen
saturation, skin turgor, edema, and weight.
What are the types of hemodynamic monitoring? - Answer:
Pulmonary artery (PA) monitoring/PAWP/PAOP/LAP, Direct
arterial BP monitoring, Right arterial pressure (RAP)/CVP
monitoring
Where is PAWP/LAP placed? - Answer: placed in the left side of
the heart and measures the left ventricular function
What is the normal range for PAWP? - Answer: 6-12 mmHg.
What does a high PAWP indicate? - Answer: Large amounts of
fluid in the lungs, like CHF
,What does a low PAWP indicate? - Answer: Severe dehydration
What else can PAWP/LAP measure? - Answer: central venous
pressure (CVP)
How is direct arterial blood pressure monitored? - Answer:
Through an arterial line (A-line), which is an angiocath in the
artery
How is a right arterial pressure (RAP)/ central venous pressure
(CVP) line placed? - Answer: Triple lumen central line that is
inserted into either the femoral, radial, or brachial vein that
travels to the right atrium through the vena cava
(superior/inferior)
How is RAP/CVP placed? - Answer: using an aseptic technique
that can be done bedside with consent, pt is in
supine/trendelenburg position, placement is confirmed with a
chest x-ray
What is the normal range for RAP/CVP? - Answer: 2-8 mmHg.
,What can high RAP/CVP indicate? - Answer: Right-sided heart
failure.
What can low RAP/CVP indicate? - Answer: Severe dehydration.
What else could a high or low RAP/CVP reading indicate? -
Answer: wrong placement of the transducer
What are some complications of CVP monitoring? - Answer:
Pneumothorax, infection, bleeding, thrombus, and embolism.
What is preload? - Answer: The volume of blood in the
ventricles at the end of diastole.
What causes increased preload? - Answer: Hypervolemia,
regurgitation of cardiac valves, and heart failure.
What are the manifestations and treatment for increased
preload? - Answer: Manifestations: high CVP/PAWP
Treatment: remove fluids, fluid restriction
What can cause decreased preload? - Answer: fluid volume
, deficit, bleeding, diarrhea, diabetes insipidus
What are the manifestations and treatment of decreased
preload? - Answer: Manifestations: Low BP, dry mucous
membranes, s/s of dehydration
Treatment: fluids
What is afterload? - Answer: The resistance the left ventricle
must overcome to circulate blood.
What conditions increase afterload? - Answer: Hypertension,
vasoconstriction (results in high cardiac workload)
What causes increased afterload? - Answer: HTN,
atherosclerotic plaque buildup
What is the treatment for increased afterload? - Answer:
Nitroglycerin
What are some causes of decreased afterload? - Answer: too
much nitro, anaphylaxis shock
