CPO EXAM 2026 UPDATE QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT VERIFIED AND ANSWERS ALREADY
GRADED A+ (BRAND NEW VISION)
Topographer - ANS-Analyzes the radius of curvature and the refractive power at thousands of
points across the cornea. Measures thousands of points located within 3mm of the optic
zone. Ability to evaluate refractive problems that might be present in the cornea. Used for
screening patients before refractive surgery, for fitting contact lenses, adjusting post surgical
corneal transplants, and diagnosing refractive disorders and diseases.
Retinoscopy - ANS-an objective measure of the refractive power of the eye. Shines a light from
the retinoscope into the eye and observes the reflex seen in the pupil. By analyzing the reflex,
the examiner can place lenses in front of the eye to determine the patien's Rx. This is an
objective test
Subjective Refraction - ANS-uses the patient's response to determine the best correction.
Using a phoropter that contains lenses that can be used to determine the spectacle
correction. A refraction is performed for distance vision and a similar procedure is performed
for near vision
Ophthalmoscopy - ANS-examination of inside the eye using an ophthalmoscope which
illuminates the interior of the eye.Doctors generally focus on the external portions of the eye
and gradually change focus until the back of the eye (retina) is viewed. Able to detect diseases
and abnormalities as well as signs of systemic diseases (hypertension and diabetes)
Direct Ophthalmoscope - ANS-is hand-held and yields a larger image but a smaller field of
view
,Binocular Indirect Ophthalmoscope - ANS-worn on the examiner's head, uses a hand-held lens
and yields a much smaller image and a much larger field of view. Requires the use of dilating
drops in order to get a better view
Binocular Vision - ANS-relates to the ability of the eyes to work together as a team. Vision is
typically enhanced using binocular vision
Tonometry - ANS-used to measure the pressure in the eye (intraocular pressure), it is also a
test used to diagnose glaucoma.
Non-Contact Tonometer (NCT) - ANS-sends a puff of air against the eye (does not require an
anesthetic drop)
Goldmann Tonometer - ANS-the standard tonometer for accuracy. Has a small plastic probe
and is mounted on a slit lamp biomicroscope. Requires a fluorescein and an anesthetic drop
because the probe tuches the cornea
Tonopen - ANS-requires an anesthetic drop. It is handheld which allows for pressure to be
done away from an office
Visual Fields - ANS-Represents the area in space that is visible to the eye.
Perimetry - ANS-Used to test the visual field. Requires the patient to report when they can see
targets with their peripheral vision while looking straight ahead. Can be done manually
(confrontation fields) or automated (Humphrey, Dicon, Octopus). Can help differentiate what
type of disease the patient may have
Pupil dilation - ANS-allows for a more complete look at the back of the eye. Drops are put in
the eye and the pupil slowly dilates (gets larger) over about 30 minutes. The effects wear off
, over several hours and some patients may take overnight to have their pupils come back to
normal size. Patients may noticed blurred vision and increased light sensitivity (photophobia)
Biomicroscopy - ANS-slit lamp examination. Gives the examiner a highly magnified view of the
structures of the eye including the eyelids and lashes. The instrument is like a microscope
mounted sideways. Used for observing the fit of contact lenses, checking for foreign bodies,
and looking at the health of all parts of the front of the eye
Optical Coherence Tomography Scanner (OCT) - ANS-non-contact, non-invasive method of
obtaining cross-sectional retinal images. Provides ocular diagnostic information. Specialists
can more specifically diagnose, treat and manage vitreoretinal diseases and glaucoma with
detailed, quantifiable images of underlying retinal structures
Fundus Photography - ANS-Fundus is a general term for the inner lining of a hollow organ. The
ocular fundus is the inner lining of the eye. Fundus photos require a customized camera that
uses high power lenses to visualize the back of the eye by focusing light through the cornea,
pupil, and lens. Documents the health of the optic nerve, vitreous, macula, retina, and its
blood vessels used for comparison, documentation, and sometimes to diagnose certain eye
conditions
Make up of the ocular fundus - ANS-1. Sensory retina
2. Retinal pigment epithelium
3. Bruch's membrane
4. Choroid
Pachymetry - ANS-an instrument that measures the thickness of the cornea. Useful in
monitoring the progression of certain disorders that cause the cornea to become thickened
(or filled with water), resulting in loss of vision. Also performed to determine whether the
cornea is strong enough for refractive surgery procedures.
CORRECT VERIFIED AND ANSWERS ALREADY
GRADED A+ (BRAND NEW VISION)
Topographer - ANS-Analyzes the radius of curvature and the refractive power at thousands of
points across the cornea. Measures thousands of points located within 3mm of the optic
zone. Ability to evaluate refractive problems that might be present in the cornea. Used for
screening patients before refractive surgery, for fitting contact lenses, adjusting post surgical
corneal transplants, and diagnosing refractive disorders and diseases.
Retinoscopy - ANS-an objective measure of the refractive power of the eye. Shines a light from
the retinoscope into the eye and observes the reflex seen in the pupil. By analyzing the reflex,
the examiner can place lenses in front of the eye to determine the patien's Rx. This is an
objective test
Subjective Refraction - ANS-uses the patient's response to determine the best correction.
Using a phoropter that contains lenses that can be used to determine the spectacle
correction. A refraction is performed for distance vision and a similar procedure is performed
for near vision
Ophthalmoscopy - ANS-examination of inside the eye using an ophthalmoscope which
illuminates the interior of the eye.Doctors generally focus on the external portions of the eye
and gradually change focus until the back of the eye (retina) is viewed. Able to detect diseases
and abnormalities as well as signs of systemic diseases (hypertension and diabetes)
Direct Ophthalmoscope - ANS-is hand-held and yields a larger image but a smaller field of
view
,Binocular Indirect Ophthalmoscope - ANS-worn on the examiner's head, uses a hand-held lens
and yields a much smaller image and a much larger field of view. Requires the use of dilating
drops in order to get a better view
Binocular Vision - ANS-relates to the ability of the eyes to work together as a team. Vision is
typically enhanced using binocular vision
Tonometry - ANS-used to measure the pressure in the eye (intraocular pressure), it is also a
test used to diagnose glaucoma.
Non-Contact Tonometer (NCT) - ANS-sends a puff of air against the eye (does not require an
anesthetic drop)
Goldmann Tonometer - ANS-the standard tonometer for accuracy. Has a small plastic probe
and is mounted on a slit lamp biomicroscope. Requires a fluorescein and an anesthetic drop
because the probe tuches the cornea
Tonopen - ANS-requires an anesthetic drop. It is handheld which allows for pressure to be
done away from an office
Visual Fields - ANS-Represents the area in space that is visible to the eye.
Perimetry - ANS-Used to test the visual field. Requires the patient to report when they can see
targets with their peripheral vision while looking straight ahead. Can be done manually
(confrontation fields) or automated (Humphrey, Dicon, Octopus). Can help differentiate what
type of disease the patient may have
Pupil dilation - ANS-allows for a more complete look at the back of the eye. Drops are put in
the eye and the pupil slowly dilates (gets larger) over about 30 minutes. The effects wear off
, over several hours and some patients may take overnight to have their pupils come back to
normal size. Patients may noticed blurred vision and increased light sensitivity (photophobia)
Biomicroscopy - ANS-slit lamp examination. Gives the examiner a highly magnified view of the
structures of the eye including the eyelids and lashes. The instrument is like a microscope
mounted sideways. Used for observing the fit of contact lenses, checking for foreign bodies,
and looking at the health of all parts of the front of the eye
Optical Coherence Tomography Scanner (OCT) - ANS-non-contact, non-invasive method of
obtaining cross-sectional retinal images. Provides ocular diagnostic information. Specialists
can more specifically diagnose, treat and manage vitreoretinal diseases and glaucoma with
detailed, quantifiable images of underlying retinal structures
Fundus Photography - ANS-Fundus is a general term for the inner lining of a hollow organ. The
ocular fundus is the inner lining of the eye. Fundus photos require a customized camera that
uses high power lenses to visualize the back of the eye by focusing light through the cornea,
pupil, and lens. Documents the health of the optic nerve, vitreous, macula, retina, and its
blood vessels used for comparison, documentation, and sometimes to diagnose certain eye
conditions
Make up of the ocular fundus - ANS-1. Sensory retina
2. Retinal pigment epithelium
3. Bruch's membrane
4. Choroid
Pachymetry - ANS-an instrument that measures the thickness of the cornea. Useful in
monitoring the progression of certain disorders that cause the cornea to become thickened
(or filled with water), resulting in loss of vision. Also performed to determine whether the
cornea is strong enough for refractive surgery procedures.
