Herzing University Pathophysiology
Final Exam Study Guide | NU 621
Practice Questions & Exam Prep
2026/2027
,First Line of Immunity Innate Immunity.
Specific.
Born With It.
Second Line of Immunity Inflammation.
Non-Specific.
Healing Does Not Happen w/o Inflammation Vessels dilate to begin healing.
wbc in vessels contain the infection, keeping it localized.
Soft Tissue Pain is caused by... Kinins and Prostaglandins
Mast Cells In Capillary Beds.
Release Histamine leading to vasodilation, hypotension, and hypersensitivity.
Phagocytes 1st on the scene. (Bacteria Only)
Neutrophils 1st responders to eosinophils/ parasites
Acute rapid/ right now
Chronic long term (2+ weeks)
Acute turns to Chronic when... not treated or not removed
C-Reactive Protein acute phase reactant.
measured with a blood test.
elevated numbers mean acute systemic inflammation.
debridement cleaning out
adaptive immunity specific.
determined by a titre.
humoral antibody mark good/bad (opsonization)
IgG most abundant
, IgE hypersensitivity
active immunity forms antibodies after infection or vaccine
passive immunity from mom or immunoglobins
fetal and neonatal immunity 11 months old
recurrent
respiratory infection congenital immune disease
immune deficiency reoccurring disease or severe infection when there shouldn't be
AIDS depletion of helper T cells.
blood-borne
transmitted through bodily fluids
autoimmunity body fails to distinguish and fails to defend
3 stages of stress Alarm
Resistance/ Adaptive
Exhaustion
alarm stage Pupil Dilation
tachycardia
diaphoretic
epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol released
When cortisol increases... immune suppression decreases
chronic stress can lead to... hypertension, diabetes, depression
problem with releasing hormone primary
problem with anterior pituitary secondary
problem with hypothalamus tertiary
Final Exam Study Guide | NU 621
Practice Questions & Exam Prep
2026/2027
,First Line of Immunity Innate Immunity.
Specific.
Born With It.
Second Line of Immunity Inflammation.
Non-Specific.
Healing Does Not Happen w/o Inflammation Vessels dilate to begin healing.
wbc in vessels contain the infection, keeping it localized.
Soft Tissue Pain is caused by... Kinins and Prostaglandins
Mast Cells In Capillary Beds.
Release Histamine leading to vasodilation, hypotension, and hypersensitivity.
Phagocytes 1st on the scene. (Bacteria Only)
Neutrophils 1st responders to eosinophils/ parasites
Acute rapid/ right now
Chronic long term (2+ weeks)
Acute turns to Chronic when... not treated or not removed
C-Reactive Protein acute phase reactant.
measured with a blood test.
elevated numbers mean acute systemic inflammation.
debridement cleaning out
adaptive immunity specific.
determined by a titre.
humoral antibody mark good/bad (opsonization)
IgG most abundant
, IgE hypersensitivity
active immunity forms antibodies after infection or vaccine
passive immunity from mom or immunoglobins
fetal and neonatal immunity 11 months old
recurrent
respiratory infection congenital immune disease
immune deficiency reoccurring disease or severe infection when there shouldn't be
AIDS depletion of helper T cells.
blood-borne
transmitted through bodily fluids
autoimmunity body fails to distinguish and fails to defend
3 stages of stress Alarm
Resistance/ Adaptive
Exhaustion
alarm stage Pupil Dilation
tachycardia
diaphoretic
epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol released
When cortisol increases... immune suppression decreases
chronic stress can lead to... hypertension, diabetes, depression
problem with releasing hormone primary
problem with anterior pituitary secondary
problem with hypothalamus tertiary
