PBSC FLORIDA CIVICS LITERACY 2027 PAPER
ANSWERS AND QUESTIONS SET A+
✔✔Engle v. Vitale (1962) - ✔✔Prayer in public schools prohibited by First Amendment
(which was made applicable to the states under the 14th A.)
✔✔Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) - ✔✔Extends to the defendant the right of counsel in all
state and federal criminal trials regardless of their ability to pay.
✔✔Miranda v. Arizona (1966) - ✔✔5th Amendment self-incrimination clause requires
government agents to warn suspects of their right to remain silent and/or contact an
attorney before questioning them when they are in custody. Statements made without
Miranda Rights are inadmissible in court (like the exclusionary rule for evidence)
✔✔Tinker v. Des Moines (1969) - ✔✔Students in an Iowa school were suspended for
wearing black armbands to protest the Vietnam war. SCOTUS ruled that this
suspension was unconstitutional, and that public school students do not "shed their
constitutional rights at the schoolhouse door" as long as the action does not disrupt the
educational environment
✔✔New York Times v. US (1971) - ✔✔Ruled that in order to exercise prior restraint, the
Government must show sufficient evidence that the publication would cause a "grave
and irreparable" danger.
✔✔prior restraint - ✔✔government censorship of information before it is published or
broadcast
✔✔Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972) - ✔✔The Court ruled that Wisconsin could not require
Amish parents to send their children to public school beyond the eighth grade because
it would violate long-held religious beliefs.
, ✔✔Roe v. Wade (1973) - ✔✔The court legalized abortion by ruling that state laws could
not restrict it during the first three months of pregnancy. Based on 4th Amendment
rights of a person to be secure in their persons.
✔✔United States v. Nixon (1974) - ✔✔The 1974 case in which the Supreme Court
unanimously held that the doctrine of executive privilege was implicit in the Constitution
but could not be extended to protect documents relevant to criminal prosecutions
✔✔Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) - ✔✔Supreme Court decision
holding that a state university could not admit less qualified individuals solely because
of their race (affirmative action)
✔✔Hazlewood v. Kuhlmeier (1988) - ✔✔School newspapers do not qualify as public
forums, so censorship by the school administration does not violate students' right to
free speech.
✔✔Texas v. Johnson (1989) - ✔✔Flag-burning is symbolic speech with a political
purpose and is protected by 1st Amendment.
✔✔Shaw v. Reno (1993) - ✔✔NO racial gerrymandering; race cannot be the sole or
predominant factor in redrawing legislative boundaries; majority-minority districts.
✔✔U.S. v. Lopez (1995) - ✔✔Gun Free School Zones Act exceeded Congress'
authority to regulate interstate commerce. Example of devolution - returning power back
to the states
✔✔Bush v. Gore (2000) - ✔✔The court ruled that manual recounts of presidential
ballots in the Nov. 2000 election could not proceed because inconsistent evaluation
standards in different counties violated the equal protection clause. In effect, the ruling
meant Bush would win the election.
✔✔DC v. Heller (2008) - ✔✔upheld individual's right to bear arms (2nd amendment)
✔✔McDonald v. Chicago (2010) - ✔✔The Second Amendment right to keep and bear
arms for self-defense is applicable to the states
✔✔Citizens United v. FEC (2010) - ✔✔A 2010 decision by the United States Supreme
Court holding that independent expenditures are free speech protected by the 1st
Amendment and so cannot be limited by federal law. Leads to creation of SuperPACs &
massive rise in amount of third party electioneering
✔✔selective incorporation - ✔✔The process by which provisions of the Bill of Rights are
brought within the scope of the Fourteenth Amendment and so applied to state and
local governments.
ANSWERS AND QUESTIONS SET A+
✔✔Engle v. Vitale (1962) - ✔✔Prayer in public schools prohibited by First Amendment
(which was made applicable to the states under the 14th A.)
✔✔Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) - ✔✔Extends to the defendant the right of counsel in all
state and federal criminal trials regardless of their ability to pay.
✔✔Miranda v. Arizona (1966) - ✔✔5th Amendment self-incrimination clause requires
government agents to warn suspects of their right to remain silent and/or contact an
attorney before questioning them when they are in custody. Statements made without
Miranda Rights are inadmissible in court (like the exclusionary rule for evidence)
✔✔Tinker v. Des Moines (1969) - ✔✔Students in an Iowa school were suspended for
wearing black armbands to protest the Vietnam war. SCOTUS ruled that this
suspension was unconstitutional, and that public school students do not "shed their
constitutional rights at the schoolhouse door" as long as the action does not disrupt the
educational environment
✔✔New York Times v. US (1971) - ✔✔Ruled that in order to exercise prior restraint, the
Government must show sufficient evidence that the publication would cause a "grave
and irreparable" danger.
✔✔prior restraint - ✔✔government censorship of information before it is published or
broadcast
✔✔Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972) - ✔✔The Court ruled that Wisconsin could not require
Amish parents to send their children to public school beyond the eighth grade because
it would violate long-held religious beliefs.
, ✔✔Roe v. Wade (1973) - ✔✔The court legalized abortion by ruling that state laws could
not restrict it during the first three months of pregnancy. Based on 4th Amendment
rights of a person to be secure in their persons.
✔✔United States v. Nixon (1974) - ✔✔The 1974 case in which the Supreme Court
unanimously held that the doctrine of executive privilege was implicit in the Constitution
but could not be extended to protect documents relevant to criminal prosecutions
✔✔Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) - ✔✔Supreme Court decision
holding that a state university could not admit less qualified individuals solely because
of their race (affirmative action)
✔✔Hazlewood v. Kuhlmeier (1988) - ✔✔School newspapers do not qualify as public
forums, so censorship by the school administration does not violate students' right to
free speech.
✔✔Texas v. Johnson (1989) - ✔✔Flag-burning is symbolic speech with a political
purpose and is protected by 1st Amendment.
✔✔Shaw v. Reno (1993) - ✔✔NO racial gerrymandering; race cannot be the sole or
predominant factor in redrawing legislative boundaries; majority-minority districts.
✔✔U.S. v. Lopez (1995) - ✔✔Gun Free School Zones Act exceeded Congress'
authority to regulate interstate commerce. Example of devolution - returning power back
to the states
✔✔Bush v. Gore (2000) - ✔✔The court ruled that manual recounts of presidential
ballots in the Nov. 2000 election could not proceed because inconsistent evaluation
standards in different counties violated the equal protection clause. In effect, the ruling
meant Bush would win the election.
✔✔DC v. Heller (2008) - ✔✔upheld individual's right to bear arms (2nd amendment)
✔✔McDonald v. Chicago (2010) - ✔✔The Second Amendment right to keep and bear
arms for self-defense is applicable to the states
✔✔Citizens United v. FEC (2010) - ✔✔A 2010 decision by the United States Supreme
Court holding that independent expenditures are free speech protected by the 1st
Amendment and so cannot be limited by federal law. Leads to creation of SuperPACs &
massive rise in amount of third party electioneering
✔✔selective incorporation - ✔✔The process by which provisions of the Bill of Rights are
brought within the scope of the Fourteenth Amendment and so applied to state and
local governments.
