IUPUI K356 CORE REVIEW ANSWERS AND
QUESTIONS SET A+
✔✔Penicillin-Binding Proteins - ✔✔Do tranpeptidation of two pentapeptide chains;
binding them together. Penicillin deactivates these enzymes, which makes a growing
cell unable to perform transpeptidation. This makes the peptidoglycan of the cell
ineffective, so the bacteria dies.
✔✔Autolysins - ✔✔Digest peptidoglycan. Bacteria secrete these in order to break down
the existing peptidoglycan in order to grow.
✔✔Lysis - ✔✔Happens when a cell is in HYPOTONIC solution. Water rushes in.
✔✔Plasmolysis - ✔✔Happens when a cell is in HYPERTONIC solution. Water rushes
out.
✔✔SEC and TAT secretion - ✔✔Used by bacteria to pump proteins through the cell
membrane. These are the only secretion systems of Gram+. In Gram-, these pump
proteins from the cytosol to the periplasm.
✔✔Type II Secretion system - ✔✔Only in Gram-. Pumps proteins in the periplasm
through the outer membrane.
✔✔Type IV Secretion system - ✔✔Only in Gram-. Pumps proteins in the periplasm
and/or cytosol through the outer membrane.
✔✔Type V Secretion system - ✔✔Only in Gram-. The protein in the periplasm forms its
own pore in the outer membrane, allowing the rest of it to flow through itself and out.
✔✔Type III Secretion system - ✔✔Only in Gram-. Pumps proteins from the cytosol
directly into another cell. Used to deposit plasmids or toxins.
, ✔✔Type I Secretion system - ✔✔Only in Gram-. Pumps proteins only from cytosol
through both membranes.
✔✔Proteobacteria - ✔✔All are Gram-. Largest phylum.
✔✔Rickettsia - ✔✔Gram- alpha proteobacteria example. Causes Rocky Mountain
Spotted Fever.
✔✔Neisseria - ✔✔Gram- beta proteobacteria example. Members can cause gonorrhia
and meningitis in humans.
✔✔Enterobacteriaceae - ✔✔Gram- gamma proteobacteria example. Enteric microbes
that are all Gram- rods. Need a dichotomous key of tests to differentiate them.
✔✔Bdellovibrio - ✔✔Gram- delta proteobacteria example. Bacterial predator that rams
itself into other microbes, then drills itself into the hosts periplasm where it grows,
divides and eventually bursts free.
✔✔Helicobacter pylori - ✔✔Gram- epsilon proteobacteria example. Can cause stomach
ulcers in humans.
✔✔Deinococcus radiodurans - ✔✔Gram- Can survive EXTREME radiation.
✔✔Cyanobacteria - ✔✔Gram- Photosynthetic. Exhibits phototaxis. Filamentous forms of
this bacteria can form HETEROCYSTS when in low nitrogen environments.
✔✔Chlamydia trachomatis - ✔✔Gram- Obligate intracellular pathogen. Causes the STD
chlamydia in humans.
✔✔Treponema pallidum - ✔✔Gram- Spirochete that can cause syphilis in humans.
✔✔Bacteriodes fragilis - ✔✔Gram- anaerobic. Part of the normal flora of the human
colon and mouth
✔✔Mycoplasma - ✔✔Gram- No cell wall. Grown colonies look like fried eggs.
✔✔Firmicutes - ✔✔Gram+ Low G+C bacterium
✔✔Clostridia - ✔✔Gram+ Low G+C, spore forming. Members of this group can cause
botulism, gas gangrene and tetanus.
✔✔Bacillus - ✔✔Gram+ Low G+C, spore forming. A member of this group causes
anthrax.
QUESTIONS SET A+
✔✔Penicillin-Binding Proteins - ✔✔Do tranpeptidation of two pentapeptide chains;
binding them together. Penicillin deactivates these enzymes, which makes a growing
cell unable to perform transpeptidation. This makes the peptidoglycan of the cell
ineffective, so the bacteria dies.
✔✔Autolysins - ✔✔Digest peptidoglycan. Bacteria secrete these in order to break down
the existing peptidoglycan in order to grow.
✔✔Lysis - ✔✔Happens when a cell is in HYPOTONIC solution. Water rushes in.
✔✔Plasmolysis - ✔✔Happens when a cell is in HYPERTONIC solution. Water rushes
out.
✔✔SEC and TAT secretion - ✔✔Used by bacteria to pump proteins through the cell
membrane. These are the only secretion systems of Gram+. In Gram-, these pump
proteins from the cytosol to the periplasm.
✔✔Type II Secretion system - ✔✔Only in Gram-. Pumps proteins in the periplasm
through the outer membrane.
✔✔Type IV Secretion system - ✔✔Only in Gram-. Pumps proteins in the periplasm
and/or cytosol through the outer membrane.
✔✔Type V Secretion system - ✔✔Only in Gram-. The protein in the periplasm forms its
own pore in the outer membrane, allowing the rest of it to flow through itself and out.
✔✔Type III Secretion system - ✔✔Only in Gram-. Pumps proteins from the cytosol
directly into another cell. Used to deposit plasmids or toxins.
, ✔✔Type I Secretion system - ✔✔Only in Gram-. Pumps proteins only from cytosol
through both membranes.
✔✔Proteobacteria - ✔✔All are Gram-. Largest phylum.
✔✔Rickettsia - ✔✔Gram- alpha proteobacteria example. Causes Rocky Mountain
Spotted Fever.
✔✔Neisseria - ✔✔Gram- beta proteobacteria example. Members can cause gonorrhia
and meningitis in humans.
✔✔Enterobacteriaceae - ✔✔Gram- gamma proteobacteria example. Enteric microbes
that are all Gram- rods. Need a dichotomous key of tests to differentiate them.
✔✔Bdellovibrio - ✔✔Gram- delta proteobacteria example. Bacterial predator that rams
itself into other microbes, then drills itself into the hosts periplasm where it grows,
divides and eventually bursts free.
✔✔Helicobacter pylori - ✔✔Gram- epsilon proteobacteria example. Can cause stomach
ulcers in humans.
✔✔Deinococcus radiodurans - ✔✔Gram- Can survive EXTREME radiation.
✔✔Cyanobacteria - ✔✔Gram- Photosynthetic. Exhibits phototaxis. Filamentous forms of
this bacteria can form HETEROCYSTS when in low nitrogen environments.
✔✔Chlamydia trachomatis - ✔✔Gram- Obligate intracellular pathogen. Causes the STD
chlamydia in humans.
✔✔Treponema pallidum - ✔✔Gram- Spirochete that can cause syphilis in humans.
✔✔Bacteriodes fragilis - ✔✔Gram- anaerobic. Part of the normal flora of the human
colon and mouth
✔✔Mycoplasma - ✔✔Gram- No cell wall. Grown colonies look like fried eggs.
✔✔Firmicutes - ✔✔Gram+ Low G+C bacterium
✔✔Clostridia - ✔✔Gram+ Low G+C, spore forming. Members of this group can cause
botulism, gas gangrene and tetanus.
✔✔Bacillus - ✔✔Gram+ Low G+C, spore forming. A member of this group causes
anthrax.
