IUPUI K356 STUDY GUIDE ANSWERS AND
QUESTIONS SET A+
✔✔Scanning Tunneling microscope - ✔✔Type of scanning probe microscopy. Tip of the
probe is one atom thick. Measures the movement of the probe as it moves along the
surface of the sample. Allows us to view individual atoms.
✔✔Atomic Force microscope - ✔✔Type of scanning probe microscopy. Uses a probe
and a laser. Measures the deflection of the laser beam as it strikes the specimen to give
an image.
✔✔Eukaryotes - ✔✔Have organelles, 80S ribosomes, linear chromosomes, and a
cytoskeleton
✔✔Prokaryotes - ✔✔No organelles, 70S ribosomes. consists of both bacteria and
archaea.
✔✔Bacteria - ✔✔no organelles, 70S ribosomes, peptidoglycan cell wall, usually one
circular chromosome with no histones.
✔✔Archaea - ✔✔no organelles, 70S ribosomes, membrane can have diglycerol
tetraethers and no peptidoglycan, one circular chromosome.
✔✔Coccus (morphology) - ✔✔circular
✔✔Streptococcus (morphology) - ✔✔a "Strip" of cocci
✔✔Staphylococcus (morphology) - ✔✔grape-like cluster of cocci
✔✔Rod (morphology) - ✔✔Elongated morphology
✔✔Spirochete (morphology) - ✔✔spiral morphology, has flagella in the PERIPLASM
that contribute to its shape
, ✔✔Vibrio (morphology) - ✔✔curved morphology
✔✔Pleomorphic - ✔✔no definitive morphology. Can be many shapes.
✔✔Hopanoid - ✔✔Bacterial version of cholesterol. A sterol in bacterial membranes that
help stabilize the membrane and keep it fluid.
✔✔Bacterial cell membrane - ✔✔composed of lipid bilayer. Fatty acid is bound to
glycerol with an ESTER bond.
✔✔Archaeal cell membrane - ✔✔can be composed of lipid monolayer. Fatty acid is
bound to glycerol on both ends with an ETHER bond.
✔✔Gram Positive - ✔✔Pertains to bacteria only. Has one thick layer of peptidoglycan
as the cell wall. Teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid are found within the peptidoglycan
cell wall. Bacteria of this type can form endospores.
✔✔Gram Negative - ✔✔Pertains to bacteria only. Has two layers in the cell wall: the first
is a thin layer of peptidoglycan in the periplasm, the second is an outer membrane. Has
lipopolysaccharides (LPS) embedded in the cell wall.
✔✔Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - ✔✔Also called endotoxin. Lipid A on one end and O-
Antigen on another. Can be the cause of some disease (botulism).
✔✔Inclusion Bodies - ✔✔ARE NOT ORGANELLES. Acts as microcompartments within
prokaryotes. "Gobs of stuff" that hold organic or inorganic material, gas, etc.
✔✔Magnetosomes - ✔✔Specialized inclusion body. Used like a compass to tell the
difference between up and down.
✔✔Plasmids - ✔✔Small, closed circular DNA molecules. Can be shared between
organisms. Have relatively few genes that are not essential. Genes that code for
antibiotic resistance can be found in these.
✔✔Glycocalyx - ✔✔Fancy name for a capsule. Polysaccharide coating that helps
prokaryotes prevent phagocytosis and antibody recognition.
✔✔S-Layer - ✔✔Structured, protein coat. Archaea often use this as their only "cell wall".
✔✔Pili - ✔✔"Arm" that can be used for several things: adhesion, motility and
conjugation (transfer of genetic material)
✔✔Flagella - ✔✔Extension of the cell used primarily for motility.
QUESTIONS SET A+
✔✔Scanning Tunneling microscope - ✔✔Type of scanning probe microscopy. Tip of the
probe is one atom thick. Measures the movement of the probe as it moves along the
surface of the sample. Allows us to view individual atoms.
✔✔Atomic Force microscope - ✔✔Type of scanning probe microscopy. Uses a probe
and a laser. Measures the deflection of the laser beam as it strikes the specimen to give
an image.
✔✔Eukaryotes - ✔✔Have organelles, 80S ribosomes, linear chromosomes, and a
cytoskeleton
✔✔Prokaryotes - ✔✔No organelles, 70S ribosomes. consists of both bacteria and
archaea.
✔✔Bacteria - ✔✔no organelles, 70S ribosomes, peptidoglycan cell wall, usually one
circular chromosome with no histones.
✔✔Archaea - ✔✔no organelles, 70S ribosomes, membrane can have diglycerol
tetraethers and no peptidoglycan, one circular chromosome.
✔✔Coccus (morphology) - ✔✔circular
✔✔Streptococcus (morphology) - ✔✔a "Strip" of cocci
✔✔Staphylococcus (morphology) - ✔✔grape-like cluster of cocci
✔✔Rod (morphology) - ✔✔Elongated morphology
✔✔Spirochete (morphology) - ✔✔spiral morphology, has flagella in the PERIPLASM
that contribute to its shape
, ✔✔Vibrio (morphology) - ✔✔curved morphology
✔✔Pleomorphic - ✔✔no definitive morphology. Can be many shapes.
✔✔Hopanoid - ✔✔Bacterial version of cholesterol. A sterol in bacterial membranes that
help stabilize the membrane and keep it fluid.
✔✔Bacterial cell membrane - ✔✔composed of lipid bilayer. Fatty acid is bound to
glycerol with an ESTER bond.
✔✔Archaeal cell membrane - ✔✔can be composed of lipid monolayer. Fatty acid is
bound to glycerol on both ends with an ETHER bond.
✔✔Gram Positive - ✔✔Pertains to bacteria only. Has one thick layer of peptidoglycan
as the cell wall. Teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid are found within the peptidoglycan
cell wall. Bacteria of this type can form endospores.
✔✔Gram Negative - ✔✔Pertains to bacteria only. Has two layers in the cell wall: the first
is a thin layer of peptidoglycan in the periplasm, the second is an outer membrane. Has
lipopolysaccharides (LPS) embedded in the cell wall.
✔✔Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - ✔✔Also called endotoxin. Lipid A on one end and O-
Antigen on another. Can be the cause of some disease (botulism).
✔✔Inclusion Bodies - ✔✔ARE NOT ORGANELLES. Acts as microcompartments within
prokaryotes. "Gobs of stuff" that hold organic or inorganic material, gas, etc.
✔✔Magnetosomes - ✔✔Specialized inclusion body. Used like a compass to tell the
difference between up and down.
✔✔Plasmids - ✔✔Small, closed circular DNA molecules. Can be shared between
organisms. Have relatively few genes that are not essential. Genes that code for
antibiotic resistance can be found in these.
✔✔Glycocalyx - ✔✔Fancy name for a capsule. Polysaccharide coating that helps
prokaryotes prevent phagocytosis and antibody recognition.
✔✔S-Layer - ✔✔Structured, protein coat. Archaea often use this as their only "cell wall".
✔✔Pili - ✔✔"Arm" that can be used for several things: adhesion, motility and
conjugation (transfer of genetic material)
✔✔Flagella - ✔✔Extension of the cell used primarily for motility.
