IUPUI K356 TEST PAPER ANSWERS AND QUESTIONS
SET A+
✔✔Heavy Metals - ✔✔-Inactivates proteins. Used to be used extensively but are not
anymore because they're highly toxic and bacteriostatic
✔✔Quarternary Ammonium Compounds (QAC's) - ✔✔Disrupts membranes and acts as
a CATIONIC DETERGENT to wash away organic compounds. These are stable and
non-toxic to us.
✔✔Aldehydes - ✔✔-Crosslinks proteins and nucleic acids
-Sporicidal (kills spores)
✔✔Gases - ✔✔-Can penetrate packaging material. Good for sterilizing heat-sensitive
materials
-Sporicidal, microbicidal. Very toxic to us.
✔✔What are antibiotics made from? - ✔✔other microorganisms ---> causes competition
for environmental niches
✔✔Paul Erlich - ✔✔-Worked in the early 1900's
-Trypan blue killed trypanosomes and arsphenamine killed syphilis ("magic bullet")
✔✔Gerhard Domagk - ✔✔-Worked in 1920's
-Found that prontosil red treated staph and strep infections. Sulfa drugs came from this.
✔✔Alexander Fleming - ✔✔-Discovered penicillin from mold growing on one of his agar
plates
-Penicillin produced by mold ---> inhibited growth of staph around mold
✔✔Selective Toxicity - ✔✔The ability of a chemical to kill microbes, but not us
✔✔Antibiotics - ✔✔Chemical made from microbes that kills other microbes.
, ✔✔Synthetics - ✔✔man-made antimicrobials
✔✔Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) - ✔✔minimum concentration needed to
INHIBIT microbe growth
✔✔Minimal Lethal Concentration (MLC) - ✔✔minimum concentration needed to KILL
microbe population
✔✔Kirby-Bauer Method - ✔✔A method used to test the effectiveness of an antibiotic.
Discs infused with different concentration of the antibiotic are put on a growth plate and
the ZONE OF CLEARANCE is measured. The bigger the zone of clearance, the more
sensitive that microbe is to the antibiotic.
✔✔E-Test - ✔✔A method used to test the effectiveness of an antibiotic. A strip infused
with a gradient concentration of antibiotic is put on a growth plate. The MIC can be
measured using this method.
✔✔Penicillin - ✔✔-Cell wall inhibitor
-uses a beta-lactam ring that mimics the D-Ala - D-Ala bond in peptidoglycan
-Binds to Penicillin-Binding proteins
✔✔Cephalosporin - ✔✔-Cell wall inhibitor
-uses a beta-lactam ring that mimics the D-Ala - D-Ala bond in peptidoglycan
-Binds to Penicillin-Binding proteins
✔✔Glycopeptides - ✔✔-Cell wall inhibitor
-Binds directly to D-Ala - D-Ala in peptidoglycan, which makes Penicillin-Binding
Proteins unable to function
-Ex: Vancomycin --- drug of last resort
✔✔How do protein synthesis inhibitors work? - ✔✔-bind to ribosome
-bind to prokaryotic ribosome (30S or 50S)
✔✔Aminoglycosides - ✔✔-Protein synthesis inhibitor that binds to 30S ribosome
-Bacteriocidal, especially to G (-)
-Ex: Streptomycin
-TOXIC, can cause kidney damage and deafness.
✔✔Tetracyclines - ✔✔-Protein synthesis inhibitor that binds to 30S ribosome --Broad-
spectrum (Gram + and -)
-Bacteriostatic
-TOXIC as high doses (kidney and liver damage, yellow teeth)
SET A+
✔✔Heavy Metals - ✔✔-Inactivates proteins. Used to be used extensively but are not
anymore because they're highly toxic and bacteriostatic
✔✔Quarternary Ammonium Compounds (QAC's) - ✔✔Disrupts membranes and acts as
a CATIONIC DETERGENT to wash away organic compounds. These are stable and
non-toxic to us.
✔✔Aldehydes - ✔✔-Crosslinks proteins and nucleic acids
-Sporicidal (kills spores)
✔✔Gases - ✔✔-Can penetrate packaging material. Good for sterilizing heat-sensitive
materials
-Sporicidal, microbicidal. Very toxic to us.
✔✔What are antibiotics made from? - ✔✔other microorganisms ---> causes competition
for environmental niches
✔✔Paul Erlich - ✔✔-Worked in the early 1900's
-Trypan blue killed trypanosomes and arsphenamine killed syphilis ("magic bullet")
✔✔Gerhard Domagk - ✔✔-Worked in 1920's
-Found that prontosil red treated staph and strep infections. Sulfa drugs came from this.
✔✔Alexander Fleming - ✔✔-Discovered penicillin from mold growing on one of his agar
plates
-Penicillin produced by mold ---> inhibited growth of staph around mold
✔✔Selective Toxicity - ✔✔The ability of a chemical to kill microbes, but not us
✔✔Antibiotics - ✔✔Chemical made from microbes that kills other microbes.
, ✔✔Synthetics - ✔✔man-made antimicrobials
✔✔Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) - ✔✔minimum concentration needed to
INHIBIT microbe growth
✔✔Minimal Lethal Concentration (MLC) - ✔✔minimum concentration needed to KILL
microbe population
✔✔Kirby-Bauer Method - ✔✔A method used to test the effectiveness of an antibiotic.
Discs infused with different concentration of the antibiotic are put on a growth plate and
the ZONE OF CLEARANCE is measured. The bigger the zone of clearance, the more
sensitive that microbe is to the antibiotic.
✔✔E-Test - ✔✔A method used to test the effectiveness of an antibiotic. A strip infused
with a gradient concentration of antibiotic is put on a growth plate. The MIC can be
measured using this method.
✔✔Penicillin - ✔✔-Cell wall inhibitor
-uses a beta-lactam ring that mimics the D-Ala - D-Ala bond in peptidoglycan
-Binds to Penicillin-Binding proteins
✔✔Cephalosporin - ✔✔-Cell wall inhibitor
-uses a beta-lactam ring that mimics the D-Ala - D-Ala bond in peptidoglycan
-Binds to Penicillin-Binding proteins
✔✔Glycopeptides - ✔✔-Cell wall inhibitor
-Binds directly to D-Ala - D-Ala in peptidoglycan, which makes Penicillin-Binding
Proteins unable to function
-Ex: Vancomycin --- drug of last resort
✔✔How do protein synthesis inhibitors work? - ✔✔-bind to ribosome
-bind to prokaryotic ribosome (30S or 50S)
✔✔Aminoglycosides - ✔✔-Protein synthesis inhibitor that binds to 30S ribosome
-Bacteriocidal, especially to G (-)
-Ex: Streptomycin
-TOXIC, can cause kidney damage and deafness.
✔✔Tetracyclines - ✔✔-Protein synthesis inhibitor that binds to 30S ribosome --Broad-
spectrum (Gram + and -)
-Bacteriostatic
-TOXIC as high doses (kidney and liver damage, yellow teeth)
