WGU D426 DATA MANAGEMENT
FOUNDATIONS EXAM STUDY GUIDE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1. Which of the following best defines a Superkey in the context of relational database
design?
A. A single attribute that uniquely identifies a row in a table.
B. A minimal set of attributes that uniquely identifies a row in a table.
C. An attribute that is used to link two tables together.
D. Any set of one or more attributes that, taken collectively, allows us to identify uniquely a
tuple in the relation.
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: A superkey is any set of attributes that uniquely identifies a
tuple. A candidate key is a minimal superkey, meaning it has no unnecessary attributes.
2. In the normalization process, which form is reached when all partial functional
dependencies have been removed?
A. First Normal Form (1NF)
,B. Third Normal Form (3NF)
C. Second Normal Form (2NF)
D. Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF)
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Second Normal Form (2NF) requires that the table is in 1NF and
all non-key attributes are fully functionally dependent on the entire primary key, thus
removing partial dependencies.
3. Which SQL clause is used to filter the results of an aggregate function?
A. WHERE
B. HAVING
C. GROUP BY
D. ORDER BY
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: The HAVING clause is used specifically to filter groups created
by the GROUP BY clause based on aggregate results. WHERE filters individual rows before
grouping.
4. What occurs during a ‘Deletion Anomaly’ in an unnormalized database?
A. Unintended loss of data when a record is deleted because the record was the only source
of certain information.
, B. New data cannot be added because a required field is missing.
C. Duplicate data is created when a record is updated.
D. The database system crashes during a DELETE operation.
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: A deletion anomaly occurs when deleting a record results in the
loss of other information that was only stored with that specific record.
5. Which property of the ACID model ensures that a transaction is treated as a single unit,
which either succeeds completely or fails completely?
A. Isolation
B. Consistency
C. Atomicity
D. Durability
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Atomicity ensures that all parts of a transaction are completed
successfully; if any part fails, the entire transaction is rolled back.
6. A ‘Transitive Dependency’ is a characteristic primarily addressed in which Normal Form?
A. 1NF
B. 2NF
FOUNDATIONS EXAM STUDY GUIDE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1. Which of the following best defines a Superkey in the context of relational database
design?
A. A single attribute that uniquely identifies a row in a table.
B. A minimal set of attributes that uniquely identifies a row in a table.
C. An attribute that is used to link two tables together.
D. Any set of one or more attributes that, taken collectively, allows us to identify uniquely a
tuple in the relation.
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: A superkey is any set of attributes that uniquely identifies a
tuple. A candidate key is a minimal superkey, meaning it has no unnecessary attributes.
2. In the normalization process, which form is reached when all partial functional
dependencies have been removed?
A. First Normal Form (1NF)
,B. Third Normal Form (3NF)
C. Second Normal Form (2NF)
D. Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF)
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Second Normal Form (2NF) requires that the table is in 1NF and
all non-key attributes are fully functionally dependent on the entire primary key, thus
removing partial dependencies.
3. Which SQL clause is used to filter the results of an aggregate function?
A. WHERE
B. HAVING
C. GROUP BY
D. ORDER BY
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: The HAVING clause is used specifically to filter groups created
by the GROUP BY clause based on aggregate results. WHERE filters individual rows before
grouping.
4. What occurs during a ‘Deletion Anomaly’ in an unnormalized database?
A. Unintended loss of data when a record is deleted because the record was the only source
of certain information.
, B. New data cannot be added because a required field is missing.
C. Duplicate data is created when a record is updated.
D. The database system crashes during a DELETE operation.
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: A deletion anomaly occurs when deleting a record results in the
loss of other information that was only stored with that specific record.
5. Which property of the ACID model ensures that a transaction is treated as a single unit,
which either succeeds completely or fails completely?
A. Isolation
B. Consistency
C. Atomicity
D. Durability
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Atomicity ensures that all parts of a transaction are completed
successfully; if any part fails, the entire transaction is rolled back.
6. A ‘Transitive Dependency’ is a characteristic primarily addressed in which Normal Form?
A. 1NF
B. 2NF
