2025 DAVITA FINAL EXAM | ALL QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS | VERIFIED ANSWERS | LATEST
EXAM | ALREADY GRADED A+ | FROM QUESTION TO
PERFECTION| STUDY WITH CONFIDENCE!
Course Code:
Course Title:
Programme:
Academic Year: 2026/2027.
Duration: 2 Hours.
Total Marks: 100.
Candidate Instructions:
1) Write your Registration Number on every answer booklet used.
2) Answer ALL questions in Section A and ANY TWO (2) questions in Section B.
3) Read each question carefully before answering.
4) Begin each question on a new page.
5) The marks for each question are indicated in brackets.
6) This paper consists of several printed pages, including this page.
7) Ensure your copy is complete before the examination begins.
8) Unauthorized materials and communication with other candidates are not permitted.
Turn Over.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
1
,Explain the four transport mechanisms that play a role in hemodialysis Answer: ●
Ultrafiltration: Fluid is pushed through a semipermeable membrane.
● Convection: Or solute drag means that solutes move with the water across the semipermeable
membrane. In this way, convection adds to the clearance achieved through diffusion as solutes
are dragged along with the ultrafiltrate.
● Diffusion: Is the movement of dissolved particles across a semipermeable membrane from the
side with the higher concentration to the side with the lower concentration. This difference in
solute concentration on each side of the membrane is called concentration gradient. The higher
the concentration gradient, the faster diffusion occurs. Once the concentration of a dissolved
particle is the same on both sides of the semipermeable membrane, diffusion stops.
● Osmosis: Is a chemical process by which dissolved chemicals will migrate from an area of
high concentration to one of low
concentration. Essentially if you dissolve something in a liquid, the dissolved compounds
(called solutes) will spread out until there is an equal concentration of solute everywhere.
What are the kidneys excretory functions Answer: To normalize electrolytes, remove wastes,
provide fluid and nutrient balance
What is the function of the acid concentration Answer: Provides the concentration gradient for
diffusion and helps normalize electrolytes
What is the function of bicarbonate Answer: Buffers the acid concentrate
Signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia Answer: > 5.5 mEq: extreme muscle weakness, abnormal
heart rhythm, possible cardiac arrest
Signs and symptoms of hypokalemia Answer: < 3.5 mEq: fatigue, muscle weakness, paralysis,
respiratory failure, cardiac instability, arrhythmias, cardiac arrest
What are the kidneys endocrine functions Answer: Renin secretion, Erythropoeitin secretion,
Vit D Activation
How do we replace normal endocrine kidney functions Answer: Provide medications
How much of normal kidney function is replaced by hemodialysis Answer: 15%
What is uremia and how does it affect the body? Answer: Uremia is a buildup of wastes in the
blood due to kidney failure and affects all body systems.
What are the most common causes of CKD in the usa? Answer: Diabetes
Hypertension
Polycystic Kidney Disease
Outline the treatment goals for a patient with CKD Answer: -slowing the progression of ckd
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
2
, -managing comorbidities and complications
-controlling symptoms
-minimizing the effects of ckd on patients' lifestyles
-kidney replacement therapy modality education
-encouraging patients to actively participate in their healthcare
Why is it important to know what caused your patients CKD Answer: So the nurse and PCT
can inquire about possible problems during data collection and assessment
Why is sodium balance important? Answer: Leads to volume expansion, increased cardiac
output, increased peripheral vascular resistance, and increased blood pressure
Signs and symptoms of fluid imbalance Answer: Edema, hypertension, shortness of breath
Systemic effects of CKD what would you advise for a patient who complains of: dry itchy skin,
peripheral neuropathy(nerve pain in extremities) and gi problems Answer: Use hyper-fatted
soaps and lotions, monitor patient for changes in motor function and inform RN and physician
of any bleeding problems/constipation/diarrhea
What is the consequences of prolonged fluid overload and hypertension Answer: Left
ventricular hypertrophy
What is Percarditis? Answer: Inflammation of the membrane (pericardial sac) around the heart
What is a common cause of hypertension in dialysis patients Answer: fluid overload
Left ventricular hypertrophy leads to Answer: Ischemic heart disease, arrhythmia, myocardial
infarction, and sudden death
Why are dialysis patients anemic? Answer: 1. the lifespan of their red blood cell is 60 days 1/2
of the normal 120 days.
What can you do to avoid contributing to lower hemoglobin and blood loss in dialysis patients
Answer: Verify correct Erythropoietin Stimulating Agent (ESA) dose is administered, rinse
back until venous line is pink tinged, and avoid repeat lab draws
What are the 4 key elements contributing to CKD-mineral bone disorder(MBD) Answer: 1.
Calcium
2. Phosphorus
3. PTH
4. Vitamin D (Calcitriol)
What are the symptoms of CKD-MBD in addition to bone disease Answer: Soft tissue
calcification, itching, muscle weakness, pathological fractures, tendon ruptures, compression of
vertebrae, atherosclerosis, heart disease
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
3
CORRECT ANSWERS | VERIFIED ANSWERS | LATEST
EXAM | ALREADY GRADED A+ | FROM QUESTION TO
PERFECTION| STUDY WITH CONFIDENCE!
Course Code:
Course Title:
Programme:
Academic Year: 2026/2027.
Duration: 2 Hours.
Total Marks: 100.
Candidate Instructions:
1) Write your Registration Number on every answer booklet used.
2) Answer ALL questions in Section A and ANY TWO (2) questions in Section B.
3) Read each question carefully before answering.
4) Begin each question on a new page.
5) The marks for each question are indicated in brackets.
6) This paper consists of several printed pages, including this page.
7) Ensure your copy is complete before the examination begins.
8) Unauthorized materials and communication with other candidates are not permitted.
Turn Over.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
1
,Explain the four transport mechanisms that play a role in hemodialysis Answer: ●
Ultrafiltration: Fluid is pushed through a semipermeable membrane.
● Convection: Or solute drag means that solutes move with the water across the semipermeable
membrane. In this way, convection adds to the clearance achieved through diffusion as solutes
are dragged along with the ultrafiltrate.
● Diffusion: Is the movement of dissolved particles across a semipermeable membrane from the
side with the higher concentration to the side with the lower concentration. This difference in
solute concentration on each side of the membrane is called concentration gradient. The higher
the concentration gradient, the faster diffusion occurs. Once the concentration of a dissolved
particle is the same on both sides of the semipermeable membrane, diffusion stops.
● Osmosis: Is a chemical process by which dissolved chemicals will migrate from an area of
high concentration to one of low
concentration. Essentially if you dissolve something in a liquid, the dissolved compounds
(called solutes) will spread out until there is an equal concentration of solute everywhere.
What are the kidneys excretory functions Answer: To normalize electrolytes, remove wastes,
provide fluid and nutrient balance
What is the function of the acid concentration Answer: Provides the concentration gradient for
diffusion and helps normalize electrolytes
What is the function of bicarbonate Answer: Buffers the acid concentrate
Signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia Answer: > 5.5 mEq: extreme muscle weakness, abnormal
heart rhythm, possible cardiac arrest
Signs and symptoms of hypokalemia Answer: < 3.5 mEq: fatigue, muscle weakness, paralysis,
respiratory failure, cardiac instability, arrhythmias, cardiac arrest
What are the kidneys endocrine functions Answer: Renin secretion, Erythropoeitin secretion,
Vit D Activation
How do we replace normal endocrine kidney functions Answer: Provide medications
How much of normal kidney function is replaced by hemodialysis Answer: 15%
What is uremia and how does it affect the body? Answer: Uremia is a buildup of wastes in the
blood due to kidney failure and affects all body systems.
What are the most common causes of CKD in the usa? Answer: Diabetes
Hypertension
Polycystic Kidney Disease
Outline the treatment goals for a patient with CKD Answer: -slowing the progression of ckd
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
2
, -managing comorbidities and complications
-controlling symptoms
-minimizing the effects of ckd on patients' lifestyles
-kidney replacement therapy modality education
-encouraging patients to actively participate in their healthcare
Why is it important to know what caused your patients CKD Answer: So the nurse and PCT
can inquire about possible problems during data collection and assessment
Why is sodium balance important? Answer: Leads to volume expansion, increased cardiac
output, increased peripheral vascular resistance, and increased blood pressure
Signs and symptoms of fluid imbalance Answer: Edema, hypertension, shortness of breath
Systemic effects of CKD what would you advise for a patient who complains of: dry itchy skin,
peripheral neuropathy(nerve pain in extremities) and gi problems Answer: Use hyper-fatted
soaps and lotions, monitor patient for changes in motor function and inform RN and physician
of any bleeding problems/constipation/diarrhea
What is the consequences of prolonged fluid overload and hypertension Answer: Left
ventricular hypertrophy
What is Percarditis? Answer: Inflammation of the membrane (pericardial sac) around the heart
What is a common cause of hypertension in dialysis patients Answer: fluid overload
Left ventricular hypertrophy leads to Answer: Ischemic heart disease, arrhythmia, myocardial
infarction, and sudden death
Why are dialysis patients anemic? Answer: 1. the lifespan of their red blood cell is 60 days 1/2
of the normal 120 days.
What can you do to avoid contributing to lower hemoglobin and blood loss in dialysis patients
Answer: Verify correct Erythropoietin Stimulating Agent (ESA) dose is administered, rinse
back until venous line is pink tinged, and avoid repeat lab draws
What are the 4 key elements contributing to CKD-mineral bone disorder(MBD) Answer: 1.
Calcium
2. Phosphorus
3. PTH
4. Vitamin D (Calcitriol)
What are the symptoms of CKD-MBD in addition to bone disease Answer: Soft tissue
calcification, itching, muscle weakness, pathological fractures, tendon ruptures, compression of
vertebrae, atherosclerosis, heart disease
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
3
