MICROBIOLOGY STUDY REVIEW
QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT
ANSWERS [GRADED A+]
Bacterial Structures: Peptidoglycan - ✔✔Gives rigid support, protects
against osmotic pressure; Sugar backbone w/ cross-linked peptide side
chains. (function; chemical composition)
Bacterial Structures: Cell wall / cell membrane (G+'s) - ✔✔Major surface
Ag; Peptidoglycan for support. Teichoic acid induces TNF and IL-1.
(function; chemical composition). Exception: Mycoplasma Pneumo doesnt
have cell wall so not seen on gram stain, only bacterial membrane
containing cholesterol
Bacterial Structures: Outer membrane (G-) - ✔✔Site of endotoxin (LPS),
major surface Ag; Lipid A induces TNF and IL-1 Polysaccharide is the Ag
(function; chemical composition)
©morren2025/2026.Year published 2026.
,Bacterial Structures: Plasma membrane - ✔✔Site of oxidative and
transport enzymes; Lipoprotein bilayer (function; chemical composition)
Bacterial Structures: Ribosome - ✔✔Protein synthesis; 50S and 30S
subunits (function; chemical composition)
Bacterial Structures: Periplasm - ✔✔Space btw the cytoplasmic
membrane and the outer membrane in G- bacteria; Contains may
hydrolytic enzymes, including beta-lactamases (function; chemical
composition)
Bacterial Structures: Capsule Function? Structure? (... and exception?) -
✔✔Protects against phagocytosis; Polysaccharide (except in Bacillus
anthracis , which contains D-glutamate) (function; chemical composition)
Bacterial Structures: Pilus/fimbria - ✔✔Mediate adherence of bacteria to
cell surface, sex pilus forms attachment btw 2 bacteria during conjugation;
Glycoprotein (function; chemical composition)
©morren2025/2026.Year published 2026.
,Bacterial Structures: Flagellum - ✔✔Motility; Protein (function; chemical
composition)
Bacterial Structures: Spore - ✔✔Provides resistance to dehydration, heat,
and chemicals; Keratin-like coat, dipiclonic acid (function; chemical
composition)
Bacterial Structures: Plasmid - ✔✔Contains a variety of genes for ABX
resistance, enzymes, toxins; DNA (function; chemical composition)
Bacterial Structures: Glycocalyx - ✔✔Mediates adherence to surfaces,
especially foreign surfaces (e.g. indwelling catheters); Polysaccharide
(function; chemical composition)
Structures unique to gram (+) organisms - ✔✔Teichoic acid Cell wall <img
src="138b - cell wall.JPG" />
©morren2025/2026.Year published 2026.
, Structures common to Gram +/- organisms - ✔✔Flagellum, pilus, capsule,
PDG, cytoplasmic membrane <img src="138a - cell walls.JPG" />
Features unique to G(-) organisms - ✔✔Endotoxin/LPS (outer membrane)
Periplasmic space (location of many beta-lactamases) <img src="138c -
cell wall gram neg.JPG" />
Bacteria w/ unusual cell membranes/walls - ✔✔Mycoplasma: contain
sterols and have no cell wall Mycobacteria: Contain mycolic acid. High lipid
content.
G(+) cocci - ✔✔Staphylococcus Streptococcus
G(-) cocci - ✔✔Neisseria
G(+) Rods - ✔✔Mycobacterium (acid-fast) Listeria Bacillus Clostridium
Cornyebacterium. My Corny List of Spores
©morren2025/2026.Year published 2026.
QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT
ANSWERS [GRADED A+]
Bacterial Structures: Peptidoglycan - ✔✔Gives rigid support, protects
against osmotic pressure; Sugar backbone w/ cross-linked peptide side
chains. (function; chemical composition)
Bacterial Structures: Cell wall / cell membrane (G+'s) - ✔✔Major surface
Ag; Peptidoglycan for support. Teichoic acid induces TNF and IL-1.
(function; chemical composition). Exception: Mycoplasma Pneumo doesnt
have cell wall so not seen on gram stain, only bacterial membrane
containing cholesterol
Bacterial Structures: Outer membrane (G-) - ✔✔Site of endotoxin (LPS),
major surface Ag; Lipid A induces TNF and IL-1 Polysaccharide is the Ag
(function; chemical composition)
©morren2025/2026.Year published 2026.
,Bacterial Structures: Plasma membrane - ✔✔Site of oxidative and
transport enzymes; Lipoprotein bilayer (function; chemical composition)
Bacterial Structures: Ribosome - ✔✔Protein synthesis; 50S and 30S
subunits (function; chemical composition)
Bacterial Structures: Periplasm - ✔✔Space btw the cytoplasmic
membrane and the outer membrane in G- bacteria; Contains may
hydrolytic enzymes, including beta-lactamases (function; chemical
composition)
Bacterial Structures: Capsule Function? Structure? (... and exception?) -
✔✔Protects against phagocytosis; Polysaccharide (except in Bacillus
anthracis , which contains D-glutamate) (function; chemical composition)
Bacterial Structures: Pilus/fimbria - ✔✔Mediate adherence of bacteria to
cell surface, sex pilus forms attachment btw 2 bacteria during conjugation;
Glycoprotein (function; chemical composition)
©morren2025/2026.Year published 2026.
,Bacterial Structures: Flagellum - ✔✔Motility; Protein (function; chemical
composition)
Bacterial Structures: Spore - ✔✔Provides resistance to dehydration, heat,
and chemicals; Keratin-like coat, dipiclonic acid (function; chemical
composition)
Bacterial Structures: Plasmid - ✔✔Contains a variety of genes for ABX
resistance, enzymes, toxins; DNA (function; chemical composition)
Bacterial Structures: Glycocalyx - ✔✔Mediates adherence to surfaces,
especially foreign surfaces (e.g. indwelling catheters); Polysaccharide
(function; chemical composition)
Structures unique to gram (+) organisms - ✔✔Teichoic acid Cell wall <img
src="138b - cell wall.JPG" />
©morren2025/2026.Year published 2026.
, Structures common to Gram +/- organisms - ✔✔Flagellum, pilus, capsule,
PDG, cytoplasmic membrane <img src="138a - cell walls.JPG" />
Features unique to G(-) organisms - ✔✔Endotoxin/LPS (outer membrane)
Periplasmic space (location of many beta-lactamases) <img src="138c -
cell wall gram neg.JPG" />
Bacteria w/ unusual cell membranes/walls - ✔✔Mycoplasma: contain
sterols and have no cell wall Mycobacteria: Contain mycolic acid. High lipid
content.
G(+) cocci - ✔✔Staphylococcus Streptococcus
G(-) cocci - ✔✔Neisseria
G(+) Rods - ✔✔Mycobacterium (acid-fast) Listeria Bacillus Clostridium
Cornyebacterium. My Corny List of Spores
©morren2025/2026.Year published 2026.
