BBH 101 EXAMS 2 ALL ANSWERS AND QUESTIONS
SET A+
✔✔What is N2 sleep? - ✔✔A deeper non-REM stage characterized by sleep spindles
and K-complexes.
✔✔What is N3 sleep? - ✔✔Deep slow-wave sleep, the deepest stage of non-REM
sleep.
✔✔What is REM sleep? - ✔✔A sleep stage characterized by rapid eye movements,
vivid dreaming, high brain activity, and skeletal muscle atonia.
✔✔Which sleep stage is associated with slow-wave activity? - ✔✔N3.
✔✔Which sleep stage is associated with vivid dreaming and muscle atonia? - ✔✔REM.
✔✔What is caffeine's half-life? - ✔✔The amount of time required for the body to reduce
the amount of caffeine in the system by approximately half.
✔✔Why can caffeine interfere with sleep even when consumed hours before bed? -
✔✔Caffeine has a relatively long half-life, so a substantial amount can remain in the
body at bedtime.
✔✔If 200 mg of caffeine has a 5-hour half-life, approximately how much remains after 5
hours? - ✔✔About 100 mg.
✔✔After 10 hours with a 5-hour half-life, approximately how much of 200 mg remains? -
✔✔About 50 mg.
✔✔Why is caffeine likely to interfere with sleep? - ✔✔It blocks adenosine receptors,
reducing the feeling of sleepiness, and its relatively long half-life allows it to remain
active for hours.
, ✔✔What is chronic pain? - ✔✔Pain that persists or recurs over an extended period and
can become a major medical and behavioral health problem.
✔✔What is the basic pathway of pain perception? - ✔✔Nociceptors detect potentially
damaging stimuli → signals travel through the spinal cord → information reaches the
brain including the somatosensory cortex.
✔✔What are nociceptors? - ✔✔Sensory receptors that detect potentially damaging or
noxious stimuli.
✔✔What does the spinal cord do in pain processing? - ✔✔It relays and modulates pain
signals between peripheral nerves and the brain.
✔✔What does the somatosensory cortex contribute to pain? - ✔✔It helps process the
sensory/discriminative aspects of pain, including where and what the sensation feels
like.
✔✔What factors can influence pain perception? - ✔✔Age, gender/sex, socioeconomic
status, culture, expectations, psychological state, and context can influence pain.
✔✔Why is pain not determined solely by the physical injury? - ✔✔Pain is influenced by
biological, psychological, and social/contextual factors in addition to nociceptive input.
✔✔What are NSAIDs? - ✔✔Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that reduce pain and
inflammation primarily by inhibiting cyclooxygenase enzymes.
✔✔What enzyme do NSAIDs inhibit? - ✔✔Cyclooxygenase (COX).
✔✔Why does COX inhibition reduce pain and inflammation? - ✔✔COX enzymes
contribute to production of prostaglandins, which promote inflammation and sensitize
pain pathways; reducing prostaglandins reduces these effects.
✔✔Examples of NSAIDs - ✔✔Aspirin and ibuprofen.
✔✔Is acetaminophen technically an NSAID? - ✔✔No. Acetaminophen is an
analgesic/antipyretic but is not technically classified as an NSAID.
✔✔What is an opioid? - ✔✔A substance that acts on opioid receptors; the term includes
natural, semisynthetic, and synthetic compounds.
✔✔What is an opiate? - ✔✔A naturally occurring opioid derived from the opium poppy,
such as morphine or codeine.
SET A+
✔✔What is N2 sleep? - ✔✔A deeper non-REM stage characterized by sleep spindles
and K-complexes.
✔✔What is N3 sleep? - ✔✔Deep slow-wave sleep, the deepest stage of non-REM
sleep.
✔✔What is REM sleep? - ✔✔A sleep stage characterized by rapid eye movements,
vivid dreaming, high brain activity, and skeletal muscle atonia.
✔✔Which sleep stage is associated with slow-wave activity? - ✔✔N3.
✔✔Which sleep stage is associated with vivid dreaming and muscle atonia? - ✔✔REM.
✔✔What is caffeine's half-life? - ✔✔The amount of time required for the body to reduce
the amount of caffeine in the system by approximately half.
✔✔Why can caffeine interfere with sleep even when consumed hours before bed? -
✔✔Caffeine has a relatively long half-life, so a substantial amount can remain in the
body at bedtime.
✔✔If 200 mg of caffeine has a 5-hour half-life, approximately how much remains after 5
hours? - ✔✔About 100 mg.
✔✔After 10 hours with a 5-hour half-life, approximately how much of 200 mg remains? -
✔✔About 50 mg.
✔✔Why is caffeine likely to interfere with sleep? - ✔✔It blocks adenosine receptors,
reducing the feeling of sleepiness, and its relatively long half-life allows it to remain
active for hours.
, ✔✔What is chronic pain? - ✔✔Pain that persists or recurs over an extended period and
can become a major medical and behavioral health problem.
✔✔What is the basic pathway of pain perception? - ✔✔Nociceptors detect potentially
damaging stimuli → signals travel through the spinal cord → information reaches the
brain including the somatosensory cortex.
✔✔What are nociceptors? - ✔✔Sensory receptors that detect potentially damaging or
noxious stimuli.
✔✔What does the spinal cord do in pain processing? - ✔✔It relays and modulates pain
signals between peripheral nerves and the brain.
✔✔What does the somatosensory cortex contribute to pain? - ✔✔It helps process the
sensory/discriminative aspects of pain, including where and what the sensation feels
like.
✔✔What factors can influence pain perception? - ✔✔Age, gender/sex, socioeconomic
status, culture, expectations, psychological state, and context can influence pain.
✔✔Why is pain not determined solely by the physical injury? - ✔✔Pain is influenced by
biological, psychological, and social/contextual factors in addition to nociceptive input.
✔✔What are NSAIDs? - ✔✔Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that reduce pain and
inflammation primarily by inhibiting cyclooxygenase enzymes.
✔✔What enzyme do NSAIDs inhibit? - ✔✔Cyclooxygenase (COX).
✔✔Why does COX inhibition reduce pain and inflammation? - ✔✔COX enzymes
contribute to production of prostaglandins, which promote inflammation and sensitize
pain pathways; reducing prostaglandins reduces these effects.
✔✔Examples of NSAIDs - ✔✔Aspirin and ibuprofen.
✔✔Is acetaminophen technically an NSAID? - ✔✔No. Acetaminophen is an
analgesic/antipyretic but is not technically classified as an NSAID.
✔✔What is an opioid? - ✔✔A substance that acts on opioid receptors; the term includes
natural, semisynthetic, and synthetic compounds.
✔✔What is an opiate? - ✔✔A naturally occurring opioid derived from the opium poppy,
such as morphine or codeine.
