BBH 101 STUDY EXAMS GUIDE ANSWERS AND
QUESTIONS SET A+
✔✔What is systole? - ✔✔The contraction phase of the heart.
✔✔What is diastole? - ✔✔The relaxation/filling phase of the heart.
✔✔What happens during ventricular systole? - ✔✔The ventricles contract and eject
blood into the pulmonary artery and aorta.
✔✔What happens during ventricular diastole? - ✔✔The ventricles relax and fill with
blood.
✔✔What is the purpose of heart valves? - ✔✔To maintain one-way blood flow through
the heart.
✔✔What is cardiovascular disease? - ✔✔A group of diseases affecting the heart and
blood vessels.
✔✔What is atherosclerosis? - ✔✔Buildup of plaques in arterial walls that narrows and
stiffens arteries.
✔✔What can atherosclerosis lead to? - ✔✔Reduced blood flow, ischemia, heart attack,
stroke, and other cardiovascular complications.
✔✔What is hypertension? - ✔✔Chronically elevated blood pressure.
✔✔Why is hypertension dangerous? - ✔✔It increases stress on blood vessels and the
heart and raises risk for cardiovascular disease, stroke, kidney disease, and other
complications.
✔✔How is cardiovascular disease diagnosed? - ✔✔Depending on the condition,
through medical history, physical examination, blood pressure, blood tests, ECG,
imaging, stress testing, and other diagnostic procedures.
,✔✔Common cardiovascular disease treatments - ✔✔Lifestyle modification,
medications, procedures, and sometimes surgery depending on the disease.
✔✔What is genotype? - ✔✔An individual's genetic makeup or specific genetic
information.
✔✔What is phenotype? - ✔✔The observable characteristics produced by the interaction
of genotype and environmental influences.
✔✔Genotype vs. phenotype - ✔✔Genotype is genetic information; phenotype is the
observable result of genes interacting with the environment.
✔✔What is a non-modifiable risk factor? - ✔✔A risk factor that cannot be changed
through behavior or intervention, such as age or inherited genetics.
✔✔What is a modifiable risk factor? - ✔✔A risk factor that can potentially be changed
through behavior or intervention, such as smoking, diet, or physical activity.
✔✔What is primary prevention? - ✔✔Preventing a disease before it occurs.
✔✔Example of primary prevention - ✔✔Vaccination or promoting exercise to prevent
disease.
✔✔What is secondary prevention? - ✔✔Detecting disease early and treating it to
prevent progression.
✔✔Example of secondary prevention - ✔✔Screening to detect cancer early.
✔✔What is tertiary prevention? - ✔✔Reducing complications, disability, or progression
after a disease is already established.
✔✔Example of tertiary prevention - ✔✔Rehabilitation after a stroke.
✔✔Primary vs. secondary vs. tertiary prevention - ✔✔Primary prevents onset;
secondary detects/treats early disease; tertiary reduces complications of established
disease.
✔✔What is the Health Belief Model (HBM)? - ✔✔A theory stating that health behavior is
influenced by perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived
barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy.
✔✔What is perceived susceptibility? - ✔✔A person's belief about their likelihood of
developing a health condition.
, ✔✔What is perceived severity? - ✔✔A person's belief about how serious the condition
and its consequences would be.
✔✔What are perceived benefits? - ✔✔Beliefs about the effectiveness or advantages of
taking a health-related action.
✔✔What are perceived barriers? - ✔✔Perceived obstacles, costs, inconvenience, or
difficulties associated with taking action.
✔✔What are cues to action? - ✔✔Events or information that trigger a person to take
health-related action.
✔✔What is self-efficacy? - ✔✔Confidence in one's ability to successfully perform a
behavior.
✔✔What is the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)? - ✔✔A theory stating that behavior
is strongly influenced by behavioral intentions, which are shaped by attitudes, subjective
norms, and perceived behavioral control.
✔✔What are attitudes in TPB? - ✔✔Beliefs/evaluations about whether performing the
behavior is favorable or unfavorable.
✔✔What are subjective norms? - ✔✔Perceptions of whether important others approve
or expect the behavior.
✔✔What is perceived behavioral control? - ✔✔Belief about one's ability and control over
performing the behavior.
✔✔What is the Transtheoretical Model (TTM)? - ✔✔A model describing behavior
change as movement through stages of readiness.
✔✔What are the major TTM stages? - ✔✔Precontemplation, contemplation,
preparation, action, and maintenance.
✔✔What is precontemplation? - ✔✔The person is not intending to change the behavior
in the foreseeable future.
✔✔What is contemplation? - ✔✔The person is considering changing the behavior but
has not yet acted.
✔✔What is preparation? - ✔✔The person intends to act soon and may already be
taking small steps.
QUESTIONS SET A+
✔✔What is systole? - ✔✔The contraction phase of the heart.
✔✔What is diastole? - ✔✔The relaxation/filling phase of the heart.
✔✔What happens during ventricular systole? - ✔✔The ventricles contract and eject
blood into the pulmonary artery and aorta.
✔✔What happens during ventricular diastole? - ✔✔The ventricles relax and fill with
blood.
✔✔What is the purpose of heart valves? - ✔✔To maintain one-way blood flow through
the heart.
✔✔What is cardiovascular disease? - ✔✔A group of diseases affecting the heart and
blood vessels.
✔✔What is atherosclerosis? - ✔✔Buildup of plaques in arterial walls that narrows and
stiffens arteries.
✔✔What can atherosclerosis lead to? - ✔✔Reduced blood flow, ischemia, heart attack,
stroke, and other cardiovascular complications.
✔✔What is hypertension? - ✔✔Chronically elevated blood pressure.
✔✔Why is hypertension dangerous? - ✔✔It increases stress on blood vessels and the
heart and raises risk for cardiovascular disease, stroke, kidney disease, and other
complications.
✔✔How is cardiovascular disease diagnosed? - ✔✔Depending on the condition,
through medical history, physical examination, blood pressure, blood tests, ECG,
imaging, stress testing, and other diagnostic procedures.
,✔✔Common cardiovascular disease treatments - ✔✔Lifestyle modification,
medications, procedures, and sometimes surgery depending on the disease.
✔✔What is genotype? - ✔✔An individual's genetic makeup or specific genetic
information.
✔✔What is phenotype? - ✔✔The observable characteristics produced by the interaction
of genotype and environmental influences.
✔✔Genotype vs. phenotype - ✔✔Genotype is genetic information; phenotype is the
observable result of genes interacting with the environment.
✔✔What is a non-modifiable risk factor? - ✔✔A risk factor that cannot be changed
through behavior or intervention, such as age or inherited genetics.
✔✔What is a modifiable risk factor? - ✔✔A risk factor that can potentially be changed
through behavior or intervention, such as smoking, diet, or physical activity.
✔✔What is primary prevention? - ✔✔Preventing a disease before it occurs.
✔✔Example of primary prevention - ✔✔Vaccination or promoting exercise to prevent
disease.
✔✔What is secondary prevention? - ✔✔Detecting disease early and treating it to
prevent progression.
✔✔Example of secondary prevention - ✔✔Screening to detect cancer early.
✔✔What is tertiary prevention? - ✔✔Reducing complications, disability, or progression
after a disease is already established.
✔✔Example of tertiary prevention - ✔✔Rehabilitation after a stroke.
✔✔Primary vs. secondary vs. tertiary prevention - ✔✔Primary prevents onset;
secondary detects/treats early disease; tertiary reduces complications of established
disease.
✔✔What is the Health Belief Model (HBM)? - ✔✔A theory stating that health behavior is
influenced by perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived
barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy.
✔✔What is perceived susceptibility? - ✔✔A person's belief about their likelihood of
developing a health condition.
, ✔✔What is perceived severity? - ✔✔A person's belief about how serious the condition
and its consequences would be.
✔✔What are perceived benefits? - ✔✔Beliefs about the effectiveness or advantages of
taking a health-related action.
✔✔What are perceived barriers? - ✔✔Perceived obstacles, costs, inconvenience, or
difficulties associated with taking action.
✔✔What are cues to action? - ✔✔Events or information that trigger a person to take
health-related action.
✔✔What is self-efficacy? - ✔✔Confidence in one's ability to successfully perform a
behavior.
✔✔What is the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)? - ✔✔A theory stating that behavior
is strongly influenced by behavioral intentions, which are shaped by attitudes, subjective
norms, and perceived behavioral control.
✔✔What are attitudes in TPB? - ✔✔Beliefs/evaluations about whether performing the
behavior is favorable or unfavorable.
✔✔What are subjective norms? - ✔✔Perceptions of whether important others approve
or expect the behavior.
✔✔What is perceived behavioral control? - ✔✔Belief about one's ability and control over
performing the behavior.
✔✔What is the Transtheoretical Model (TTM)? - ✔✔A model describing behavior
change as movement through stages of readiness.
✔✔What are the major TTM stages? - ✔✔Precontemplation, contemplation,
preparation, action, and maintenance.
✔✔What is precontemplation? - ✔✔The person is not intending to change the behavior
in the foreseeable future.
✔✔What is contemplation? - ✔✔The person is considering changing the behavior but
has not yet acted.
✔✔What is preparation? - ✔✔The person intends to act soon and may already be
taking small steps.
