NUR 239 EXAM 4 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | NUR 239
STUDY GUIDE & PRACTICE TEST 2026/2027
cardiac output - ANS ✔✔HR x SV
blood pressure equation - ANS ✔✔CO x SVR
S1 heart sounds; closure valves - ANS ✔✔mitral and tricuspid
S2 heart sounds; closure valves - ANS ✔✔aortic and pulmonic
cardiac output - ANS ✔✔amount of blood pumped each minute (~5 L)
stroke volume - ANS ✔✔the amount of blood ejected from the heart in one contraction
peripheral vascular resistance - ANS ✔✔the resistance of the vessels to the flow of blood; increased
when the vessels constrict, decreased when the vessels relax.
preload - ANS ✔✔volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole
afterload - ANS ✔✔pressure ventricles must exert to eject blood into the aorta
orthopnea - ANS ✔✔difficulty breathing when lying down
cardiac fatigue - ANS ✔✔fatigue that appears suddenly and gets worse with activity; a sign of heart
failure
orthostatic hypotension - ANS ✔✔low blood pressure that occurs upon standing up; people above 65
are at risk.
hypertension; pathophysiology - ANS ✔✔increased workload on the heart (hypertrophy), narrowing and
stiffening of blood vessels.
hypertension; SxS - ANS ✔✔frequently asymptomatic in early stages
initial signs vague and non-specific
fatigue
malaise
sometimes morning occipital headache
hypertension; risk factors - ANS ✔✔smoking
obesity
sedentary lifestyle
genetics
age
poor diet
, Dyslipidemia; pathophysiology - ANS ✔✔abnormal lipid levels in the blood; forms plaque in the arteries
dyslipidemia; SxS - ANS ✔✔chest pain/tightness
dizziness
heart palpitations
exhaustion
swelling of ankles/feet
trouble breathing
dyslipidemia; risk factors - ANS ✔✔smoking
weight
HTN
DM
sat fats.
Right heart failure; pathophysiology - ANS ✔✔right side of the heart fails to pump blood effectively; fluid
buildup in lower extremities; usually comes after LSHF
RSHF; SxS - ANS ✔✔pitting edema
distended neck veins
hepatic congestion
decrease appetite
nausea
ascites
cyanosis
Left side Heart Failure; pathophysiology - ANS ✔✔left side of heart does not effectively pump
oxygenated blood to the body; blood builds up to the lungs
RSHF; risk factors - ANS ✔✔high BP
CAD
heart attack
diabetes
sleep apnea
smoking
alcohol use
LSHF; SxS - ANS ✔✔fluid on lungs
dyspnea
paroxysmal nocturnal dypnea
sleep apnea
smoking
alcohol use
PINK FROTHY SPUTUM
LSHF; risk factors - ANS ✔✔high BP
CAD
STUDY GUIDE & PRACTICE TEST 2026/2027
cardiac output - ANS ✔✔HR x SV
blood pressure equation - ANS ✔✔CO x SVR
S1 heart sounds; closure valves - ANS ✔✔mitral and tricuspid
S2 heart sounds; closure valves - ANS ✔✔aortic and pulmonic
cardiac output - ANS ✔✔amount of blood pumped each minute (~5 L)
stroke volume - ANS ✔✔the amount of blood ejected from the heart in one contraction
peripheral vascular resistance - ANS ✔✔the resistance of the vessels to the flow of blood; increased
when the vessels constrict, decreased when the vessels relax.
preload - ANS ✔✔volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole
afterload - ANS ✔✔pressure ventricles must exert to eject blood into the aorta
orthopnea - ANS ✔✔difficulty breathing when lying down
cardiac fatigue - ANS ✔✔fatigue that appears suddenly and gets worse with activity; a sign of heart
failure
orthostatic hypotension - ANS ✔✔low blood pressure that occurs upon standing up; people above 65
are at risk.
hypertension; pathophysiology - ANS ✔✔increased workload on the heart (hypertrophy), narrowing and
stiffening of blood vessels.
hypertension; SxS - ANS ✔✔frequently asymptomatic in early stages
initial signs vague and non-specific
fatigue
malaise
sometimes morning occipital headache
hypertension; risk factors - ANS ✔✔smoking
obesity
sedentary lifestyle
genetics
age
poor diet
, Dyslipidemia; pathophysiology - ANS ✔✔abnormal lipid levels in the blood; forms plaque in the arteries
dyslipidemia; SxS - ANS ✔✔chest pain/tightness
dizziness
heart palpitations
exhaustion
swelling of ankles/feet
trouble breathing
dyslipidemia; risk factors - ANS ✔✔smoking
weight
HTN
DM
sat fats.
Right heart failure; pathophysiology - ANS ✔✔right side of the heart fails to pump blood effectively; fluid
buildup in lower extremities; usually comes after LSHF
RSHF; SxS - ANS ✔✔pitting edema
distended neck veins
hepatic congestion
decrease appetite
nausea
ascites
cyanosis
Left side Heart Failure; pathophysiology - ANS ✔✔left side of heart does not effectively pump
oxygenated blood to the body; blood builds up to the lungs
RSHF; risk factors - ANS ✔✔high BP
CAD
heart attack
diabetes
sleep apnea
smoking
alcohol use
LSHF; SxS - ANS ✔✔fluid on lungs
dyspnea
paroxysmal nocturnal dypnea
sleep apnea
smoking
alcohol use
PINK FROTHY SPUTUM
LSHF; risk factors - ANS ✔✔high BP
CAD
