NUR 239 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | NUR 239
STUDY GUIDE & PRACTICE TEST 2026/2027
cardinal signs of inflammation - ✔✔redness
heat
pain
swelling
loss of function
vascular stage of acute inflammation - ✔✔comprised of increased blood flow and increased vascular
permeability
cellular stage of acute inflammation - ✔✔1. margination, adhesion of WBC to endothelium
2. transmigration of WBCs across endothelium.
3. chemotaxis.
4. activation & phagocytosis
types of exudate - ✔✔serous
hemorrhagic
fibrinous
membranous/pseudomembranous
purulent/suppurative
serous exudate - ✔✔watery, plasma fluid, low in protein
typically yellowish
hemorrhagic exudate - ✔✔sever injury, RBCs
blood vessels don't get sealed correctly
fibrinous exudate - ✔✔fibrinogen, thick and sticky
membranous/pseudomembranous exudate - ✔✔on mucous membranes, necrotic cells, fibrin and
purulent exudate
purulent/suppurative exudate - ✔✔pus, degraded WBCs, proteins, debris
acute inflammation - ✔✔self limiting, short in duration, rapid onset (minutes-6 months)
vascular stage
cellular stage
phagocytosis by neutrophils
chronic inflammation - ✔✔pathologic; longer duration (6mon-years)
infiltration of macrophages, lymphocytes
fibrotic scar tissue
causes; poorly digested foreign bodies and microbes
, involved in cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic lung disease, IBD, atherosclerosis
signs/symptoms of systemic inflammatory response - ✔✔fever
increased neutrophils (leukocytosis)
anorexia, somnolence, malaise
metabolic changes
may lead to sepsis
local inflammation - ✔✔redness at site
warmth at site
pain at site
swelling at site
loss of function in involved area
systemic inflammation - ✔✔fever
high WBC, ESR, CRP, fibrinogen
fatigue
increased heart rate
regeneration - ✔✔replacement of injured tissue with same type of cells
cell proliferation - ✔✔process of increasing cell numbers by mitotic divison
cell differentiation - ✔✔process in which cells become more specialized in terms of structure and
function
primary intention wound healing - ✔✔wound edges approximated
granulation tissue grows across epithelia
clean wound that can be closed
less scar tissue
sutured closed incision, small cut, puncture wounds
secondary intention wound healing - ✔✔wound left open
greater loss of tissue
fills w granulation tissue from sides and bottom
slower process
more scar tissue
infected wounds w edges that cannot be pulled together
burns, trauma, ulcers
phases of wound healing - ✔✔inflammatory, proliferation, remodeling
inflammatory phase - ✔✔starts w injury and lasts 2-5 days
-immediate vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation
-platelet aggregation w fibrin deposits form clots
-phagocytosis
proliferation phase - ✔✔2 days-3 weeks
STUDY GUIDE & PRACTICE TEST 2026/2027
cardinal signs of inflammation - ✔✔redness
heat
pain
swelling
loss of function
vascular stage of acute inflammation - ✔✔comprised of increased blood flow and increased vascular
permeability
cellular stage of acute inflammation - ✔✔1. margination, adhesion of WBC to endothelium
2. transmigration of WBCs across endothelium.
3. chemotaxis.
4. activation & phagocytosis
types of exudate - ✔✔serous
hemorrhagic
fibrinous
membranous/pseudomembranous
purulent/suppurative
serous exudate - ✔✔watery, plasma fluid, low in protein
typically yellowish
hemorrhagic exudate - ✔✔sever injury, RBCs
blood vessels don't get sealed correctly
fibrinous exudate - ✔✔fibrinogen, thick and sticky
membranous/pseudomembranous exudate - ✔✔on mucous membranes, necrotic cells, fibrin and
purulent exudate
purulent/suppurative exudate - ✔✔pus, degraded WBCs, proteins, debris
acute inflammation - ✔✔self limiting, short in duration, rapid onset (minutes-6 months)
vascular stage
cellular stage
phagocytosis by neutrophils
chronic inflammation - ✔✔pathologic; longer duration (6mon-years)
infiltration of macrophages, lymphocytes
fibrotic scar tissue
causes; poorly digested foreign bodies and microbes
, involved in cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic lung disease, IBD, atherosclerosis
signs/symptoms of systemic inflammatory response - ✔✔fever
increased neutrophils (leukocytosis)
anorexia, somnolence, malaise
metabolic changes
may lead to sepsis
local inflammation - ✔✔redness at site
warmth at site
pain at site
swelling at site
loss of function in involved area
systemic inflammation - ✔✔fever
high WBC, ESR, CRP, fibrinogen
fatigue
increased heart rate
regeneration - ✔✔replacement of injured tissue with same type of cells
cell proliferation - ✔✔process of increasing cell numbers by mitotic divison
cell differentiation - ✔✔process in which cells become more specialized in terms of structure and
function
primary intention wound healing - ✔✔wound edges approximated
granulation tissue grows across epithelia
clean wound that can be closed
less scar tissue
sutured closed incision, small cut, puncture wounds
secondary intention wound healing - ✔✔wound left open
greater loss of tissue
fills w granulation tissue from sides and bottom
slower process
more scar tissue
infected wounds w edges that cannot be pulled together
burns, trauma, ulcers
phases of wound healing - ✔✔inflammatory, proliferation, remodeling
inflammatory phase - ✔✔starts w injury and lasts 2-5 days
-immediate vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation
-platelet aggregation w fibrin deposits form clots
-phagocytosis
proliferation phase - ✔✔2 days-3 weeks
