Reproductive-A&P 2 - Exam 4 (Urinary
and Reproductive) Questions With 100%
Correct/ Verified Answers 2026/2027
Edition.
The paired kidneys are retroperitoneal organs...what does this mean? - Answer They are in the
back (behind the liver)
Through what structure does the ureter leave the kidney, and blood vessels, lymphatic vessels
and nerves enter and exit? - Answer Through a vertical fissure called the hilus or renal hilum.
(near the concave medial border of the kidney)
Internally, what 6 structures does the kidney consist of? - Answer 1. cortex
2. medulla
3. pyramids
4. papillae
5. columns
6. Calyces
What is the functional unit of the kidney? - Answer the nephron
What is Glomerular Filtration Rate? (GFR) - Answer the amount of filtrate formed by both
kidneys per minute
What is the GFR of a normal adult? - Answer 125 mL/minute which equals about 180 liters per
day
What process returns most of the filtered water and many of the filtered solutes to the
bloodstream using both active and passive transport processes? - Answer Reabsorption
The transfer of materials from the blood and tubule cells into tubular fluid is called ______ and
what does it help control? - Answer Tubular secretion. It helps control blood pH and helps
eliminate other substances from the body.
What structure secretes NH3 and NH4 (urea and ammonia) after they are filtered by the
glomerulus? - Answer the Proximal Convoluted Tubule cells secrete these substances into the
tubules
, What happens to most NH3 inside the tubule cells? - Answer Bc of the pH inside the cells, NH3
most often quickly binds to H+ and becomes NH4+
What are drugs that increase urine flow rate? - Answer diuretics
What two blood screening tests can provide information about kidney function? - Answer 1.
BUN, blood urea nitrogen, measures the level of nitrogen in blood that is part of urea.
2. Measurement of plasma creatinine
Where do the ureters enter the urinary bladder? - Answer On the floor of the urinary bladder
is a smooth triangular are called the trigone. The ureters enter near the two posterior points of
this triangle.
How does urine leave the bladder? - Answer the urethra drains the bladder from the anterior
point of the trigone
What 4 layers of tissue does the bladder consist of? - Answer 1. Mucosa (with rugae)
2. Lamina propria
3. Muscularis
4. Serous Coat
*BONUS QUESTION: What forces urine from the bladder? - Answer Dentrusor muscle in the
muscularis layer of the bladder
Urine is expelled from the bladder by an act called? - Answer micturition (aka urination or
voiding)
What happens when the volume of urine in the blood reaches about 200-400 mL? - Answer
stretch receptors in the urinary bladder wall transmit impulses that initiate a spinal micturition
reflex. (older adults and children may also initiate or inhibit micturition voluntarily)
What can crystals of salts present in urine precipitate and solidify into? - Answer renal calculi
or kidney stones
Kidney stones may block the ureter and can sometimes be removed by? - Answer shock wave
lithotripsy
and Reproductive) Questions With 100%
Correct/ Verified Answers 2026/2027
Edition.
The paired kidneys are retroperitoneal organs...what does this mean? - Answer They are in the
back (behind the liver)
Through what structure does the ureter leave the kidney, and blood vessels, lymphatic vessels
and nerves enter and exit? - Answer Through a vertical fissure called the hilus or renal hilum.
(near the concave medial border of the kidney)
Internally, what 6 structures does the kidney consist of? - Answer 1. cortex
2. medulla
3. pyramids
4. papillae
5. columns
6. Calyces
What is the functional unit of the kidney? - Answer the nephron
What is Glomerular Filtration Rate? (GFR) - Answer the amount of filtrate formed by both
kidneys per minute
What is the GFR of a normal adult? - Answer 125 mL/minute which equals about 180 liters per
day
What process returns most of the filtered water and many of the filtered solutes to the
bloodstream using both active and passive transport processes? - Answer Reabsorption
The transfer of materials from the blood and tubule cells into tubular fluid is called ______ and
what does it help control? - Answer Tubular secretion. It helps control blood pH and helps
eliminate other substances from the body.
What structure secretes NH3 and NH4 (urea and ammonia) after they are filtered by the
glomerulus? - Answer the Proximal Convoluted Tubule cells secrete these substances into the
tubules
, What happens to most NH3 inside the tubule cells? - Answer Bc of the pH inside the cells, NH3
most often quickly binds to H+ and becomes NH4+
What are drugs that increase urine flow rate? - Answer diuretics
What two blood screening tests can provide information about kidney function? - Answer 1.
BUN, blood urea nitrogen, measures the level of nitrogen in blood that is part of urea.
2. Measurement of plasma creatinine
Where do the ureters enter the urinary bladder? - Answer On the floor of the urinary bladder
is a smooth triangular are called the trigone. The ureters enter near the two posterior points of
this triangle.
How does urine leave the bladder? - Answer the urethra drains the bladder from the anterior
point of the trigone
What 4 layers of tissue does the bladder consist of? - Answer 1. Mucosa (with rugae)
2. Lamina propria
3. Muscularis
4. Serous Coat
*BONUS QUESTION: What forces urine from the bladder? - Answer Dentrusor muscle in the
muscularis layer of the bladder
Urine is expelled from the bladder by an act called? - Answer micturition (aka urination or
voiding)
What happens when the volume of urine in the blood reaches about 200-400 mL? - Answer
stretch receptors in the urinary bladder wall transmit impulses that initiate a spinal micturition
reflex. (older adults and children may also initiate or inhibit micturition voluntarily)
What can crystals of salts present in urine precipitate and solidify into? - Answer renal calculi
or kidney stones
Kidney stones may block the ureter and can sometimes be removed by? - Answer shock wave
lithotripsy
