NSG 522 FINAL EXAM APPLIED EPIDEMIOLOGY
AND BIOSTATS 2026 SOLVED QUESTIONS
WITH DETAILED EXPLANATIONS AND
FORMULA REVIEW
◉ What are the core Epidemiological Functions?
Answer: Surveillance
Field Investigations
Analytic Studies
Evaluation
Linkages
Policy
◉ What type of science is Epidemiology?
Answer: Quantitative
◉ What does measurement focus on in Epidemiology?
Answer: Distribution and Determinants of health-related states and
events
◉ What can be said about the nature of epidemiology?
,Answer: Epidemiology is a story about health related states and
events supported by data.
◉ 5 W's of Epidemiology?
Answer: What
When
Where
Who
Why
◉ What are the two components of Epidemiology?
Answer: Analytic and Descriptive
◉ Descriptive Epidemiology Describes which elements?
Answer: WHEN, WHERE, WHO
Time, Place, Person
◉ Which elements does Descriptive Epidemiology study?
Answer: The DISTRIBUTION, FREQUENCY, and PATTERN of health
related states and events
◉ Analytic Epidemiology describes which elements?
,Answer: WHY AND HOW
◉ Analytic Epidemiology studies the?
Answer: Determinants of health-related events. The WHY, the
Causes
◉ What are the four general categories to Determinants of Health?
Answer: Biological, Environmental, Social, Health Behaviors
◉ What makes up the social determinants of health?
Answer: Economic Stability, Neighborhood/Built Environment,
Health/Health Care, Social/Community Context, Education
◉ What are examples of Health Behaviors?
Answer: Nutrition, Physical Activity, Rest/Relaxation, Tobacco Use,
Alcohol use, Illicit substance use, immunizations.
◉ Describe Multi-causality
Answer: Etiology of all diseases is multifactoral.
◉ What is the 'Causal Pie' Model made up of?
Answer: Causative agent or event, characteristics of the person,
characteristics of the environment, presence of preventative factors,
, action of catalysts or additive factors, mediating and moderating
factors, interaction between the factors.
◉ What does the Bradford Hill Criteria for Causation tell us?
Answer: Several criteria are listed that help us determine if causal
association is reasonable.
◉ What does the Bradford Hill Criteria for causation not tell us?
Answer: Statistical or clinical significance.
◉ Occurrence of disease can be understood using which 3 models?
Answer: Epidemiological Triad or Triangle, BEINGS Model, Web of
causation.
◉ What three aspects make up the Epidemiological Triad/Triangle?
Answer: Agent, Host, Environment
◉ acronmyn BEINGS Model of Disease Causation, what does it
mean?
Answer: Biological, Behavioral
Environmental
Immunological
Nutritional
AND BIOSTATS 2026 SOLVED QUESTIONS
WITH DETAILED EXPLANATIONS AND
FORMULA REVIEW
◉ What are the core Epidemiological Functions?
Answer: Surveillance
Field Investigations
Analytic Studies
Evaluation
Linkages
Policy
◉ What type of science is Epidemiology?
Answer: Quantitative
◉ What does measurement focus on in Epidemiology?
Answer: Distribution and Determinants of health-related states and
events
◉ What can be said about the nature of epidemiology?
,Answer: Epidemiology is a story about health related states and
events supported by data.
◉ 5 W's of Epidemiology?
Answer: What
When
Where
Who
Why
◉ What are the two components of Epidemiology?
Answer: Analytic and Descriptive
◉ Descriptive Epidemiology Describes which elements?
Answer: WHEN, WHERE, WHO
Time, Place, Person
◉ Which elements does Descriptive Epidemiology study?
Answer: The DISTRIBUTION, FREQUENCY, and PATTERN of health
related states and events
◉ Analytic Epidemiology describes which elements?
,Answer: WHY AND HOW
◉ Analytic Epidemiology studies the?
Answer: Determinants of health-related events. The WHY, the
Causes
◉ What are the four general categories to Determinants of Health?
Answer: Biological, Environmental, Social, Health Behaviors
◉ What makes up the social determinants of health?
Answer: Economic Stability, Neighborhood/Built Environment,
Health/Health Care, Social/Community Context, Education
◉ What are examples of Health Behaviors?
Answer: Nutrition, Physical Activity, Rest/Relaxation, Tobacco Use,
Alcohol use, Illicit substance use, immunizations.
◉ Describe Multi-causality
Answer: Etiology of all diseases is multifactoral.
◉ What is the 'Causal Pie' Model made up of?
Answer: Causative agent or event, characteristics of the person,
characteristics of the environment, presence of preventative factors,
, action of catalysts or additive factors, mediating and moderating
factors, interaction between the factors.
◉ What does the Bradford Hill Criteria for Causation tell us?
Answer: Several criteria are listed that help us determine if causal
association is reasonable.
◉ What does the Bradford Hill Criteria for causation not tell us?
Answer: Statistical or clinical significance.
◉ Occurrence of disease can be understood using which 3 models?
Answer: Epidemiological Triad or Triangle, BEINGS Model, Web of
causation.
◉ What three aspects make up the Epidemiological Triad/Triangle?
Answer: Agent, Host, Environment
◉ acronmyn BEINGS Model of Disease Causation, what does it
mean?
Answer: Biological, Behavioral
Environmental
Immunological
Nutritional
