PNP301 TEST 2 UPDATED ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS
Question:
1. MS (multiple sclerosis)
Answer:
progressive demyelination of the neurons in the brain, sc + cranial nerves -characterized by remissions and
exacerbations.
Question:
2. MS: pathophysiology
Answer:
-Demyelination interrupts the flow of nerve impulses
-lesions create an inflammatory response + attack neurons (immune-mediated response on the CNS)
-Plaques appear on demyelinated axons, further interrupting the transmission of nerve impulses
-Eventually the axons begin to degenerate, resulting in permanent and irreversible damage from scarring
and plaques
Question:
3. MS: etiology
Answer:
- genetic =affects european pop.,
- immunologic =viral infections + abnormal immune response
- environmental =temperate climate *Onset b/w 20-40 years of age (peak 30)
- more common in women (2:1)
Question:
4. MS: S/S
Answer:
Depends on the demyelinated area...
-weakness in legs
-diplopia
-scotoma
-dysarthia
-paresthesia
-sensory deficits
-chronic fatigue
,Question:
5. MS: early sign
Answer:
blurred vision
Question:
6. MS: late sign(s)
Answer:
-depression/ euphoria
-respiratory infections
-decubitus ulcers
-contractures
Question:
7. MS: diagnostic tests
Answer:
No definitive test = often delayed diagnosis
-history of exacerbations + remissions + absence of other neurologic criteria are used for initial diagnosis
.... * MRI for detection and monitoring of CNS lesions * CSF analysis = INCREASED protein, gamma
glob., lymphocytes *Tomography = optic + retinal nerves are early targets in MS
Question:
8. Diplopia
Answer:
double vision
Question:
9. Scotoma
Answer:
dark spot in the visual field
, Question:
10. Dysarthia
Answer:
difficulty forming words; articulated speech
Question:
11. paresthesia
Answer:
abnormal tactile sensation often described as creeping, burning, tingling, or numbness
Question:
12. PD (Parkinson's Disease)
Answer:
affected motor function through loss of extrapyramidal activity.
Question:
13. PD: pathophysiology
Answer:
• Disruption in neurotransmitters: degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in substantia nigra of
midbrain disrupts balance of dopamine & acetylcholine
• excess stimulation (of ACh) affects movement, muscle tone + posture.
- decreased # of cortical neurons
Question:
14. PD: etiology
Answer:
*primary idiopathic = after 60 years of age *secondary = from trauma, vascular disease or encephalitis
-occurs in both men and women
-damaging effects of toxins + viruses on cells ie. carbon monoxide, pesticides... *Drug-induced
Parkinson's --> Phenothiazines
Question:
15. PD: S/S
Answer:
- tremors in hands @ rest
- "pill rolling" finger movement
- rigidity
- bradykinesia
- problems initiating/coordinating movement
- dysarthia
- dysphagia
- propulsive gait = FALLS!
CORRECT ANSWERS
Question:
1. MS (multiple sclerosis)
Answer:
progressive demyelination of the neurons in the brain, sc + cranial nerves -characterized by remissions and
exacerbations.
Question:
2. MS: pathophysiology
Answer:
-Demyelination interrupts the flow of nerve impulses
-lesions create an inflammatory response + attack neurons (immune-mediated response on the CNS)
-Plaques appear on demyelinated axons, further interrupting the transmission of nerve impulses
-Eventually the axons begin to degenerate, resulting in permanent and irreversible damage from scarring
and plaques
Question:
3. MS: etiology
Answer:
- genetic =affects european pop.,
- immunologic =viral infections + abnormal immune response
- environmental =temperate climate *Onset b/w 20-40 years of age (peak 30)
- more common in women (2:1)
Question:
4. MS: S/S
Answer:
Depends on the demyelinated area...
-weakness in legs
-diplopia
-scotoma
-dysarthia
-paresthesia
-sensory deficits
-chronic fatigue
,Question:
5. MS: early sign
Answer:
blurred vision
Question:
6. MS: late sign(s)
Answer:
-depression/ euphoria
-respiratory infections
-decubitus ulcers
-contractures
Question:
7. MS: diagnostic tests
Answer:
No definitive test = often delayed diagnosis
-history of exacerbations + remissions + absence of other neurologic criteria are used for initial diagnosis
.... * MRI for detection and monitoring of CNS lesions * CSF analysis = INCREASED protein, gamma
glob., lymphocytes *Tomography = optic + retinal nerves are early targets in MS
Question:
8. Diplopia
Answer:
double vision
Question:
9. Scotoma
Answer:
dark spot in the visual field
, Question:
10. Dysarthia
Answer:
difficulty forming words; articulated speech
Question:
11. paresthesia
Answer:
abnormal tactile sensation often described as creeping, burning, tingling, or numbness
Question:
12. PD (Parkinson's Disease)
Answer:
affected motor function through loss of extrapyramidal activity.
Question:
13. PD: pathophysiology
Answer:
• Disruption in neurotransmitters: degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in substantia nigra of
midbrain disrupts balance of dopamine & acetylcholine
• excess stimulation (of ACh) affects movement, muscle tone + posture.
- decreased # of cortical neurons
Question:
14. PD: etiology
Answer:
*primary idiopathic = after 60 years of age *secondary = from trauma, vascular disease or encephalitis
-occurs in both men and women
-damaging effects of toxins + viruses on cells ie. carbon monoxide, pesticides... *Drug-induced
Parkinson's --> Phenothiazines
Question:
15. PD: S/S
Answer:
- tremors in hands @ rest
- "pill rolling" finger movement
- rigidity
- bradykinesia
- problems initiating/coordinating movement
- dysarthia
- dysphagia
- propulsive gait = FALLS!
