NUR242: ONCOLOGY EXAM UPDATED ACTUAL
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Question:
1. dysplasia vs neoplasia
Answer:
-dysplasia: reversible
-neoplasia: irreversible/cancer
Question:
2. Cell cycle:
Answer:
G0 = resting state G1 (Gap 1) S-phase (synthesis) G2 (Gap 2) M (Mitosis) = two identical daughter cells
*G1-G2 "interphase" = chromosomes copied
Question:
3. tumor suppressor genes...
Answer:
prevent cells from going through the cell cycle but mutations can make them inactive Ex. BRCA 1
Question:
4. Development of cancer:
Answer:
1. Initiation- Mutation of DNA (mostly acquired)
2. Promotion- promoters (obesity, fat, alcohol, smoking)
3. Progression- growth (tumor angiogenesis), invasiveness, metastasis
Question:
5. Carcinogens
Answer:
Enter nucleus and damage DNA
1. Benzene, Arsenic, formaldehyde, asbestos
2. Radiation
3. Viral (HBV, HCV, HPV, H Pylori)
4. Obesity
5. Smoking
6. alcohol
7. dietary fat
Question:
6. Latent period: Size to be picked up on MRi
Answer:
1. time btw initial genetic alteration to clinical evidence; 1 to 40 yrs
2. 0.5 cm; 1.0 cm to be palpable
,Question:
7. What is skip metastasis?
Answer:
tumor cells travel to distant nodes
Question:
8. Immune system role:
Answer:
1. Lymphocytes cont. check cells for tumor associated antigens and destroy them
Question:
9. Immunologic escape: How? (6)
Answer:
1. suppress factors that stimulate T cells
2. Weak surface antigens allow them to sneak through
3. immune system develops tolerance to some tumor antigens
4. cancer cells suppress immune system by products they secrete
5. induction of suppressor T cells
6. blocking antibodies from binding TAAs, preventing recognition
Question:
10. Oncofetal antigens...
Answer:
Found in/on tumor cells, as a result as cell regains its embryonic capability ex. PSA
Question:
11. Main difference btw Benign vs. malignant neoplasms
Answer:
Malignant cells invade and metastasize
Question:
12. How is cancer classified? (3)
Answer:
1. Anatomic site
2. Histology/grading
3. Extent/Staging
Question:
13. Anatomic site classification
1. identified by?
2. Carcinomas?
3. Sarcomas?
4. Lymphomas/leukemias?
,Answer:
1. tissue of origin
2. ectoderm (skin and glands) and endoderm (mucous membranes)
3. mesoderm (CT, muscle, bone, fat)
4. Hematopoietic system
Question:
14. Histologic classification of cancer:
1. based on?
2. Grade 1
3. Grade 2
4. Grade 3
5. Grade 4
Answer:
1. appearance of cells and degree of differentiation
2. well differentiated
3. mod. differentiated
4. poorly differentiated
5. undifferentiated/immature/primitive
Question:
15. Extent of disease classification:
1. based on what 3 parameters?
2. Tis/O
3. 1
4. 2
5. 3
6. 4
7. X
Answer:
1. Tumor size/invasiveness, Node lymph spread, Metastasis
2. in situ; only superficial (not invasie)
3. localized origin
4. local spread
5. local & regional spread
6. metastasis
7. cannot be measured
Question:
16. T or F: once stage classification is made, it cannot be changed
Answer:
True (but may be restaged)
Question:
17. Cancer: Assessments (13)
, Answer:
1. Fatigue, fever
2. wt loss, vomiting
3. pain (HA, bone pain)
4. mass
5. pallor, purpura, whitish reflex of eyes
6. lymphadenopathy
7. changes in bowel or bladder habits
8. A sore that doesn't heal
9. unusual bleeding or discharge from orifices
10. Thickening/lump
11. Indigestion/dysphagia
12. obvious changes in wart/monitor, walking/coordination
13. Nagging cough/hoarseness
Question:
18. Additional measures to reduce r/of cancer and why
Answer:
1. Adequate rest
2. reduce stress Bc they weaken immune system
3. Obesity (chronic low grade inflammation can damage DNA)
Question:
19. Cancer therapy can serve 3 main purposes?
Answer:
Curative, Control, palliative
Question:
20. Targeted therapy aims at...
Answer:
a cancer's specific genes/proteins that contribute to its growth and survival; biopsy determines this
Question:
21. Chemotherapy: How do some cancer cells manage to escape the effects of chemo?
Answer:
Because chemo is effective against actively dividing cells, so they can escape it by remaining in the G0
phase or mutate to become resistant. As tumors grow bigger more cells convert to G0 phase. Also the
tumor must have good vascularization bc that's how chemo reaches the tumor
Question:
22. Benefits of combo chemo? (4)
Answer:
1. enhances tumoricidal activity
2. increases chance of affecting cancer cells in all phases
3. Synergistic effects
4. decrease drug resistance (by working on diff. phases)
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Question:
1. dysplasia vs neoplasia
Answer:
-dysplasia: reversible
-neoplasia: irreversible/cancer
Question:
2. Cell cycle:
Answer:
G0 = resting state G1 (Gap 1) S-phase (synthesis) G2 (Gap 2) M (Mitosis) = two identical daughter cells
*G1-G2 "interphase" = chromosomes copied
Question:
3. tumor suppressor genes...
Answer:
prevent cells from going through the cell cycle but mutations can make them inactive Ex. BRCA 1
Question:
4. Development of cancer:
Answer:
1. Initiation- Mutation of DNA (mostly acquired)
2. Promotion- promoters (obesity, fat, alcohol, smoking)
3. Progression- growth (tumor angiogenesis), invasiveness, metastasis
Question:
5. Carcinogens
Answer:
Enter nucleus and damage DNA
1. Benzene, Arsenic, formaldehyde, asbestos
2. Radiation
3. Viral (HBV, HCV, HPV, H Pylori)
4. Obesity
5. Smoking
6. alcohol
7. dietary fat
Question:
6. Latent period: Size to be picked up on MRi
Answer:
1. time btw initial genetic alteration to clinical evidence; 1 to 40 yrs
2. 0.5 cm; 1.0 cm to be palpable
,Question:
7. What is skip metastasis?
Answer:
tumor cells travel to distant nodes
Question:
8. Immune system role:
Answer:
1. Lymphocytes cont. check cells for tumor associated antigens and destroy them
Question:
9. Immunologic escape: How? (6)
Answer:
1. suppress factors that stimulate T cells
2. Weak surface antigens allow them to sneak through
3. immune system develops tolerance to some tumor antigens
4. cancer cells suppress immune system by products they secrete
5. induction of suppressor T cells
6. blocking antibodies from binding TAAs, preventing recognition
Question:
10. Oncofetal antigens...
Answer:
Found in/on tumor cells, as a result as cell regains its embryonic capability ex. PSA
Question:
11. Main difference btw Benign vs. malignant neoplasms
Answer:
Malignant cells invade and metastasize
Question:
12. How is cancer classified? (3)
Answer:
1. Anatomic site
2. Histology/grading
3. Extent/Staging
Question:
13. Anatomic site classification
1. identified by?
2. Carcinomas?
3. Sarcomas?
4. Lymphomas/leukemias?
,Answer:
1. tissue of origin
2. ectoderm (skin and glands) and endoderm (mucous membranes)
3. mesoderm (CT, muscle, bone, fat)
4. Hematopoietic system
Question:
14. Histologic classification of cancer:
1. based on?
2. Grade 1
3. Grade 2
4. Grade 3
5. Grade 4
Answer:
1. appearance of cells and degree of differentiation
2. well differentiated
3. mod. differentiated
4. poorly differentiated
5. undifferentiated/immature/primitive
Question:
15. Extent of disease classification:
1. based on what 3 parameters?
2. Tis/O
3. 1
4. 2
5. 3
6. 4
7. X
Answer:
1. Tumor size/invasiveness, Node lymph spread, Metastasis
2. in situ; only superficial (not invasie)
3. localized origin
4. local spread
5. local & regional spread
6. metastasis
7. cannot be measured
Question:
16. T or F: once stage classification is made, it cannot be changed
Answer:
True (but may be restaged)
Question:
17. Cancer: Assessments (13)
, Answer:
1. Fatigue, fever
2. wt loss, vomiting
3. pain (HA, bone pain)
4. mass
5. pallor, purpura, whitish reflex of eyes
6. lymphadenopathy
7. changes in bowel or bladder habits
8. A sore that doesn't heal
9. unusual bleeding or discharge from orifices
10. Thickening/lump
11. Indigestion/dysphagia
12. obvious changes in wart/monitor, walking/coordination
13. Nagging cough/hoarseness
Question:
18. Additional measures to reduce r/of cancer and why
Answer:
1. Adequate rest
2. reduce stress Bc they weaken immune system
3. Obesity (chronic low grade inflammation can damage DNA)
Question:
19. Cancer therapy can serve 3 main purposes?
Answer:
Curative, Control, palliative
Question:
20. Targeted therapy aims at...
Answer:
a cancer's specific genes/proteins that contribute to its growth and survival; biopsy determines this
Question:
21. Chemotherapy: How do some cancer cells manage to escape the effects of chemo?
Answer:
Because chemo is effective against actively dividing cells, so they can escape it by remaining in the G0
phase or mutate to become resistant. As tumors grow bigger more cells convert to G0 phase. Also the
tumor must have good vascularization bc that's how chemo reaches the tumor
Question:
22. Benefits of combo chemo? (4)
Answer:
1. enhances tumoricidal activity
2. increases chance of affecting cancer cells in all phases
3. Synergistic effects
4. decrease drug resistance (by working on diff. phases)
