NURS 205 EXAM 3 ONCOLOGY UPDATED ACTUAL
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Question:
1. any person that chronic inflammatory conditions are at an increased risk for
Answer:
cancer
i.e. scar tissue
this is why when people have Crohn/s or ulcerative colitis or diverticulitis or constant exacerbations of
inflammation through their GI tract, they have to get colonoscopies more frequently bc we know they're
gonna have scar tissue or adhesions that could become cancerous
Question:
2. Carcinogenesis
Answer:
- When a normal cell turns into an abnormal cell
- The creation of cancer cells
- *everyone has cancer cells in their body, the immune system is just really good at fighting them off*
- *covid, illness, immunosuppressant drugs, etc can all lead to increased risk for cancer because the
immune system is not fighting off those cancer cells*
Question:
3. Initiation of cancer
Answer:
Irreversible alteration of genetic cell structure
- D/t chemicals, physical or biological agents/carcinogens
Question:
4. Cancer Initiators: chemical
Answer:
Cig smoking, asbestos, arsenic, nitrates, gases, metals, DES, hormones, drugs to treat cancers as well.
- *quitting cigs is always beneficial, no matter how old you are*
Hormones: *estrogen or testosterone, they are linked to their own respective cancers (such as breast or
prostate cancer)*
- people who have a high risk of breast cancer or ovarian cancer shouldn't take estrogen therapy
DES: *medication given to women to stop preterm labor* found out that this med causes the children to
have female related cancers, this med has since been removed from the market
Chemo drugs can increase risk of cancer as well so after treatment, the patient will have to follow up to
ensure no other cancers have been created
anything w/ preservatives can increase the risk of cancer, i.e. processed meat
Question:
5. Cancer initiators: physical
,Answer:
- *Ionizing radiation, UV (skin cancer), the sun, foreign bodies like asbestos fibers*
- BRCA 1 gene can predict chances of breast cancer
- Lung cancer is such a difficult cancer to screen for because it requires a radioactive x-ray in order to test.
this can cause more harm than good if used too much
Question:
6. Cancer initiators: others
Answer:
viral: EBV = lymphomas, Hep B = liver cancer
genetics
immune system failure
chronic irritation: skin cancer
Question:
7. Smoking
Answer:
a co-carcinogen in > 50% of cancers
4000 compounds
250 toxic chemicals
60 chemicals that cause cancer
Lung cancer is the leading cause of death in males and females smoking can also cause bladder cancer
-for smokers, also assess for urinary problems
Question:
8. Cancer promotion
Answer:
carcinogens introduced into cells = reversible or irreversible change (mutation)/conversion
reversible promoters:
-diet, obesity, smoking, alcohol intake
latent period of 1-40 yrs
-1 cm size = palpable = 1 billion cells
alcohol creates ulcers in the stomach which causes irregular tissue to heal and grow over the ulcers, these
tissues are at higher risk for producing cancer cells
many cancers take 40+ years to grow, healthy immune system is key for preventing cancer
Some are aggressive and grow fast (like cancers in children) that is why they are so scary
Question:
9. Factors that promote cancer
Answer:
- Age (older at more risk), sex (men more at risk for prostate, etc), hormones, genetics
- *synthetic hormones can cause cancers: e.g estrogen therapy*
- healthy coping mechanisms can prevent stress, which leads to healthy immune system, which lowers
chances of cancer
- diet: avoid nitrates and preservatives
Question:
10. Cancer progression
, Answer:
increased growth rate of cancer
-increased invasion/metastatic disease original tumor = primary tumor
others = secondary tumors or Mets
*always have to biopsy to make sure the tissue originated in that area*
*if a cell mets, and you do a biopsy of a secondary tumor, it will have the DNA of the primary tumor in it,
that is how you track down the original tumor*
if an x-ray shows a mass in the lungs, and they did a biopsy and saw that it came from the prostate, the
disease is prostate cancer with mets
Question:
11. Cancer incidence
Answer:
- racial differences in developing cancer
- Caucasian and African American are #1 for lung
- Asian is #1 for breast
- Hispanic is #1 for prostate
- could be due to genetics or the cultures
Question:
12. Cancer deaths by site
Answer:
- #1 is lung cancer (not really regular screenings for lung cancer)
- #2 is prostate and breast
- #3 is colorectal (start rectal exams at 45)
Question:
13. Malignant proliferative patterns
Answer:
Hyperplasia: increased number of cells (benign)
Dysplasia: abnormal growth, size, shape, appearance
*tumors create their own blood supply*
-these are more dangerous
Question:
14. Metastatic spread
Answer:
direct invasion or extension into tissues
lymphatic system is the most common way
-interstitial fluid or invasion
Hematogenous: bloodstream
Angiogenesis: increased ability to growth of new capillaries for tumor use
Question:
15. Benign tumor (slides 16-19)
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Question:
1. any person that chronic inflammatory conditions are at an increased risk for
Answer:
cancer
i.e. scar tissue
this is why when people have Crohn/s or ulcerative colitis or diverticulitis or constant exacerbations of
inflammation through their GI tract, they have to get colonoscopies more frequently bc we know they're
gonna have scar tissue or adhesions that could become cancerous
Question:
2. Carcinogenesis
Answer:
- When a normal cell turns into an abnormal cell
- The creation of cancer cells
- *everyone has cancer cells in their body, the immune system is just really good at fighting them off*
- *covid, illness, immunosuppressant drugs, etc can all lead to increased risk for cancer because the
immune system is not fighting off those cancer cells*
Question:
3. Initiation of cancer
Answer:
Irreversible alteration of genetic cell structure
- D/t chemicals, physical or biological agents/carcinogens
Question:
4. Cancer Initiators: chemical
Answer:
Cig smoking, asbestos, arsenic, nitrates, gases, metals, DES, hormones, drugs to treat cancers as well.
- *quitting cigs is always beneficial, no matter how old you are*
Hormones: *estrogen or testosterone, they are linked to their own respective cancers (such as breast or
prostate cancer)*
- people who have a high risk of breast cancer or ovarian cancer shouldn't take estrogen therapy
DES: *medication given to women to stop preterm labor* found out that this med causes the children to
have female related cancers, this med has since been removed from the market
Chemo drugs can increase risk of cancer as well so after treatment, the patient will have to follow up to
ensure no other cancers have been created
anything w/ preservatives can increase the risk of cancer, i.e. processed meat
Question:
5. Cancer initiators: physical
,Answer:
- *Ionizing radiation, UV (skin cancer), the sun, foreign bodies like asbestos fibers*
- BRCA 1 gene can predict chances of breast cancer
- Lung cancer is such a difficult cancer to screen for because it requires a radioactive x-ray in order to test.
this can cause more harm than good if used too much
Question:
6. Cancer initiators: others
Answer:
viral: EBV = lymphomas, Hep B = liver cancer
genetics
immune system failure
chronic irritation: skin cancer
Question:
7. Smoking
Answer:
a co-carcinogen in > 50% of cancers
4000 compounds
250 toxic chemicals
60 chemicals that cause cancer
Lung cancer is the leading cause of death in males and females smoking can also cause bladder cancer
-for smokers, also assess for urinary problems
Question:
8. Cancer promotion
Answer:
carcinogens introduced into cells = reversible or irreversible change (mutation)/conversion
reversible promoters:
-diet, obesity, smoking, alcohol intake
latent period of 1-40 yrs
-1 cm size = palpable = 1 billion cells
alcohol creates ulcers in the stomach which causes irregular tissue to heal and grow over the ulcers, these
tissues are at higher risk for producing cancer cells
many cancers take 40+ years to grow, healthy immune system is key for preventing cancer
Some are aggressive and grow fast (like cancers in children) that is why they are so scary
Question:
9. Factors that promote cancer
Answer:
- Age (older at more risk), sex (men more at risk for prostate, etc), hormones, genetics
- *synthetic hormones can cause cancers: e.g estrogen therapy*
- healthy coping mechanisms can prevent stress, which leads to healthy immune system, which lowers
chances of cancer
- diet: avoid nitrates and preservatives
Question:
10. Cancer progression
, Answer:
increased growth rate of cancer
-increased invasion/metastatic disease original tumor = primary tumor
others = secondary tumors or Mets
*always have to biopsy to make sure the tissue originated in that area*
*if a cell mets, and you do a biopsy of a secondary tumor, it will have the DNA of the primary tumor in it,
that is how you track down the original tumor*
if an x-ray shows a mass in the lungs, and they did a biopsy and saw that it came from the prostate, the
disease is prostate cancer with mets
Question:
11. Cancer incidence
Answer:
- racial differences in developing cancer
- Caucasian and African American are #1 for lung
- Asian is #1 for breast
- Hispanic is #1 for prostate
- could be due to genetics or the cultures
Question:
12. Cancer deaths by site
Answer:
- #1 is lung cancer (not really regular screenings for lung cancer)
- #2 is prostate and breast
- #3 is colorectal (start rectal exams at 45)
Question:
13. Malignant proliferative patterns
Answer:
Hyperplasia: increased number of cells (benign)
Dysplasia: abnormal growth, size, shape, appearance
*tumors create their own blood supply*
-these are more dangerous
Question:
14. Metastatic spread
Answer:
direct invasion or extension into tissues
lymphatic system is the most common way
-interstitial fluid or invasion
Hematogenous: bloodstream
Angiogenesis: increased ability to growth of new capillaries for tumor use
Question:
15. Benign tumor (slides 16-19)
