PBPL 006 RICHARD CARPIANO UPDATED ACTUAL
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Question:
1. public health
Answer:
the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized
community efforts
Question:
2. determinants of health
Answer:
- environmental, social , and economic determinants
- not just those traditionally addressed by public health and clinical health care (biomedical, genetic,
medical)
Question:
3. interventions to address health issues, including:
Answer:
- the structure and the function of healthcare delivery systems
- the role of public policies that affect health even when health is not their intended effect
Question:
4. tertiary prevention
Answer:
top of the pyramid rehabilitating persons with injury/disease to reduce complications (vocational rehab to
retrain workers after injury)
Question:
5. secondary prevention
Answer:
second to top of pyramid prevents injury/disease once exposure to risk factors occurs but still in early,
"preclinical" stage
Question:
6. primary prevention
Answer:
second to bottom of the pyramid targets risk factors leading to injury/disease (safety belt laws or
vaccinations)
Question:
7. primordial prevention
Answer:
bottom of the pyramid targets social and economic policies effecting health
,Question:
8. Health Protection (Antiquity-1830s)
Answer:
Authority-based control of individual and community behaviors
- Quarantine (epidemics)
- sexual prohibitions (disease transmission)
- dietary restrictions (food borne disease)
Question:
9. Hygiene Movement (1840-1870s)
Answer:
Sanitary conditions as a foundation for improved health
- Cholera and water/sewage systems (snow)
- Puerperal fever (infection control; semmelweis)
- vital statistics/data
- public health departments
Question:
10. Contagion Control (1880-1940s)
Answer:
Germ theory of disease; demonstration of infectious origins of disease
- Linkage of epidemiology, bacteriology, and immunology to form tuberculosis sanatoriums
- Outbreak investigations (pellagra(nacin/vitamin B3 deficiency); Goldberger)
Question:
11. Filling holes in the Medical Care System (!950s~mid-1980s)
Answer:
Integration of control of communicable diseases, risks factors modifications, and care of high risk
populations as part of medical care
- antibiotics (1941, valuable during WWII)
- randomized controlled trials (1948)
- chronic disease epidemiology (1940s onward)
- Framingham Study of heart disease (1948)
- Community studies of psychiatric disorders
- Polio vaccine (1955)
- Surgeon General's (1964) report on smoking and cancer
- Medicaid and Medicare (1965)
- Community health centers for low income/underinsured populations (1965)
Question:
12. Health Promotion and Disease Prevention (Mid-1980s~2000)
Answer:
Focus on individual behavior and disease detection in vulnerable populations
- AIDS epidemic and related risk-reducing behavioral interventions
- Coronary heart disease reductions through multiple interventions
- Screenings (mammography, pap smears)
- Environmental movement (lead in gas and paint, air quality, radiation exposure)
,Question:
13. Population Health (2000s)
Answer:
Coordination of public health and healthcare delivery based on evidence-based, systems thinking; holistic
interdisciplinary thinking of multiple contributing factors to health
- Evidence-based medicine and public health
- Information technology (e.g., data platforms)
- Re-emergence of infectious diseases
- Antibiotic resistance
- Climate change
Question:
14. population health
Answer:
- a broad concept of public health
- stresses collaboration among traditional public health professions, healthcare delivery professionals, and
other professors that affect health
- provides intellectual "umbrella" for thinking about the many factors affect the health of individuals and
populations
- provides strategies for considering broad range of potential interventions to address these issues
Question:
15. interventions
Answer:
the full range of strategies designed to protect health and prevent disease, disability, and death
Question:
16. what are the four components of population health?
Answer:
health issues, population(s), society's shared health concerns, society's vulnerable groups
Question:
17. health issues
Answer:
- physical and mental health, health behaviors
- expanding scope of medical interventions (e.g. gene modification, cosmetic appearance)
Question:
18. population(s)
Answer:
- expands beyond geographic confines like city/state/nation (which has long dictated public health
structure/functions even correctly)
- forces us to consider ideas of global community, non-geographically - bounded communities
Question:
19. society's shared health concerns
, Answer:
- communicable diseases to (heavily) chronic diseases
- ...emerging infectious diseases
- impacts of climate change
- toxic exposures from the physical environment
- transportation safety
- costs of health care
- health inequities (race-ethnicity, education, income, etc)
Question:
20. society's vulnerable groups
Answer:
- mothers and children
- people in high-risk occupations
- the disabled
- the frail elderly
- people who are poor or uninsured
- people living with HIV/AIDS
- people with genetic vulnerabilities
- historically marginalized groups (racial-ethnic/gender/sexual identity)
Question:
21. BIG GEMS
Answer:
a useful way to catalog determinants:
- Behavior
- Infection
- Genetics
- Geography: e.g. neighborhood, state, nation
- Environment: natural, built (human-created), workplace
- Medical care: assess and quality
- Socioeconomic-cultural: demographics, policies
Question:
22. contributory causes
Answer:
immediate ("proximal") causes of disease (COVID-19, trans fat, cigarettes)
Question:
23. traditional public health
Answer:
Group and community based interventions directed at health promotion and disease prevention
Question:
24. health care
Answer:
systems for delivering one-on-one individual health services
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Question:
1. public health
Answer:
the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized
community efforts
Question:
2. determinants of health
Answer:
- environmental, social , and economic determinants
- not just those traditionally addressed by public health and clinical health care (biomedical, genetic,
medical)
Question:
3. interventions to address health issues, including:
Answer:
- the structure and the function of healthcare delivery systems
- the role of public policies that affect health even when health is not their intended effect
Question:
4. tertiary prevention
Answer:
top of the pyramid rehabilitating persons with injury/disease to reduce complications (vocational rehab to
retrain workers after injury)
Question:
5. secondary prevention
Answer:
second to top of pyramid prevents injury/disease once exposure to risk factors occurs but still in early,
"preclinical" stage
Question:
6. primary prevention
Answer:
second to bottom of the pyramid targets risk factors leading to injury/disease (safety belt laws or
vaccinations)
Question:
7. primordial prevention
Answer:
bottom of the pyramid targets social and economic policies effecting health
,Question:
8. Health Protection (Antiquity-1830s)
Answer:
Authority-based control of individual and community behaviors
- Quarantine (epidemics)
- sexual prohibitions (disease transmission)
- dietary restrictions (food borne disease)
Question:
9. Hygiene Movement (1840-1870s)
Answer:
Sanitary conditions as a foundation for improved health
- Cholera and water/sewage systems (snow)
- Puerperal fever (infection control; semmelweis)
- vital statistics/data
- public health departments
Question:
10. Contagion Control (1880-1940s)
Answer:
Germ theory of disease; demonstration of infectious origins of disease
- Linkage of epidemiology, bacteriology, and immunology to form tuberculosis sanatoriums
- Outbreak investigations (pellagra(nacin/vitamin B3 deficiency); Goldberger)
Question:
11. Filling holes in the Medical Care System (!950s~mid-1980s)
Answer:
Integration of control of communicable diseases, risks factors modifications, and care of high risk
populations as part of medical care
- antibiotics (1941, valuable during WWII)
- randomized controlled trials (1948)
- chronic disease epidemiology (1940s onward)
- Framingham Study of heart disease (1948)
- Community studies of psychiatric disorders
- Polio vaccine (1955)
- Surgeon General's (1964) report on smoking and cancer
- Medicaid and Medicare (1965)
- Community health centers for low income/underinsured populations (1965)
Question:
12. Health Promotion and Disease Prevention (Mid-1980s~2000)
Answer:
Focus on individual behavior and disease detection in vulnerable populations
- AIDS epidemic and related risk-reducing behavioral interventions
- Coronary heart disease reductions through multiple interventions
- Screenings (mammography, pap smears)
- Environmental movement (lead in gas and paint, air quality, radiation exposure)
,Question:
13. Population Health (2000s)
Answer:
Coordination of public health and healthcare delivery based on evidence-based, systems thinking; holistic
interdisciplinary thinking of multiple contributing factors to health
- Evidence-based medicine and public health
- Information technology (e.g., data platforms)
- Re-emergence of infectious diseases
- Antibiotic resistance
- Climate change
Question:
14. population health
Answer:
- a broad concept of public health
- stresses collaboration among traditional public health professions, healthcare delivery professionals, and
other professors that affect health
- provides intellectual "umbrella" for thinking about the many factors affect the health of individuals and
populations
- provides strategies for considering broad range of potential interventions to address these issues
Question:
15. interventions
Answer:
the full range of strategies designed to protect health and prevent disease, disability, and death
Question:
16. what are the four components of population health?
Answer:
health issues, population(s), society's shared health concerns, society's vulnerable groups
Question:
17. health issues
Answer:
- physical and mental health, health behaviors
- expanding scope of medical interventions (e.g. gene modification, cosmetic appearance)
Question:
18. population(s)
Answer:
- expands beyond geographic confines like city/state/nation (which has long dictated public health
structure/functions even correctly)
- forces us to consider ideas of global community, non-geographically - bounded communities
Question:
19. society's shared health concerns
, Answer:
- communicable diseases to (heavily) chronic diseases
- ...emerging infectious diseases
- impacts of climate change
- toxic exposures from the physical environment
- transportation safety
- costs of health care
- health inequities (race-ethnicity, education, income, etc)
Question:
20. society's vulnerable groups
Answer:
- mothers and children
- people in high-risk occupations
- the disabled
- the frail elderly
- people who are poor or uninsured
- people living with HIV/AIDS
- people with genetic vulnerabilities
- historically marginalized groups (racial-ethnic/gender/sexual identity)
Question:
21. BIG GEMS
Answer:
a useful way to catalog determinants:
- Behavior
- Infection
- Genetics
- Geography: e.g. neighborhood, state, nation
- Environment: natural, built (human-created), workplace
- Medical care: assess and quality
- Socioeconomic-cultural: demographics, policies
Question:
22. contributory causes
Answer:
immediate ("proximal") causes of disease (COVID-19, trans fat, cigarettes)
Question:
23. traditional public health
Answer:
Group and community based interventions directed at health promotion and disease prevention
Question:
24. health care
Answer:
systems for delivering one-on-one individual health services
