NR 507 Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm & Final Exam
Review 2026 | Practice Questions & Study Guide
1. Immunodeficiency leads to high risks of _.
diabetes
infection and cancer
leukemia
2. If a patient is diagnosed with an autoimmune disease characterized by the
presence of autoantibodies, which immune components would you expect to
be involved in the disease process?
Only T-cells
Only B-cells
Macrophages and neutrophils
T-cells and B-cells
3. Describe how the abnormal hemoglobin in sickle cell anemia affects red
blood cell shape and function.
The abnormal hemoglobin A causes red blood cells to be larger and
more flexible, improving oxygen transport.
The abnormal hemoglobin C causes red blood cells to be smaller and
more numerous, enhancing oxygen transport.
The abnormal hemoglobin S causes red blood cells to become rigid
and sickle-shaped, leading to reduced oxygen transport.
The abnormal hemoglobin F leads to increased red blood cell
production and better oxygen delivery.
,4. A patient has sought care, stating that she developed hives overnight. The
nurses inspection confirms the presence of urticaria. What type of allergic
hypersensitivity reaction has the patient developed?
Type III
Type II
Type I
Type IV
5. Symptoms of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) may include:
proteinuria indicating renal problem
"butterfly' rash across cheeks
photosensitivity to sunlight
all of the above
6. If a patient develops aplastic anemia after being treated with antibiotics, what
would be an important consideration for their future treatment?
Increasing the dosage of antibiotics.
Avoiding antibiotics that are known to cause aplastic anemia.
Continuing the same antibiotic treatment regardless of symptoms.
Switching to a different class of antibiotics without caution.
7. What is a common condition associated with chronic bronchitis?
Pneumonia
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Lung cancer
, Asthma
8. Describe the significance of identifying Stage B heart failure in patients.
Identifying Stage B heart failure indicates that the patient is at the end
stage of heart disease.
Identifying Stage B heart failure is crucial because it allows for early
intervention to prevent progression to symptomatic heart failure.
Identifying Stage B heart failure means the patient has fully recovered
from heart disease.
Identifying Stage B heart failure is not important as it does not affect
treatment options.
9. A patient with chronic bronchitis is at risk for developing pneumonia due to:
Inability to cough.
Mucus plugs.
Overactive cilia in the lungs.
Hypoxemia.
10. Describe the relationship between folate deficiency and reticulocyte count
in the context of anemia.
Folate deficiency leads to decreased reticulocyte production due
to impaired erythropoiesis.
Folate deficiency causes an increase in reticulocyte count as the
body attempts to compensate.
Folate deficiency only affects white blood cell counts, not
reticulocytes.
Folate deficiency has no effect on reticulocyte count.
, 11. What lung volume measurement is typically associated with air trapping in
patients with COPD?
Vital Capacity (VC)
Residual Volume (RV)
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
Tidal Volume (TV)
12. What would result if an individual had a congenital deficiency of transferrin?
decreased storage of iron in organs
reduced absorption of iron
severe anemia
increased excretion of iron
13. What is a common example of a primary immunodeficiency disorder?
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Rheumatoid Arthritis
14. Which is true of autoimmune diseases?
they are caused by the innate immune system
they involve T cells but not B cells
they involve B cells but not T cells
they are caused by the adaptive immune system
Review 2026 | Practice Questions & Study Guide
1. Immunodeficiency leads to high risks of _.
diabetes
infection and cancer
leukemia
2. If a patient is diagnosed with an autoimmune disease characterized by the
presence of autoantibodies, which immune components would you expect to
be involved in the disease process?
Only T-cells
Only B-cells
Macrophages and neutrophils
T-cells and B-cells
3. Describe how the abnormal hemoglobin in sickle cell anemia affects red
blood cell shape and function.
The abnormal hemoglobin A causes red blood cells to be larger and
more flexible, improving oxygen transport.
The abnormal hemoglobin C causes red blood cells to be smaller and
more numerous, enhancing oxygen transport.
The abnormal hemoglobin S causes red blood cells to become rigid
and sickle-shaped, leading to reduced oxygen transport.
The abnormal hemoglobin F leads to increased red blood cell
production and better oxygen delivery.
,4. A patient has sought care, stating that she developed hives overnight. The
nurses inspection confirms the presence of urticaria. What type of allergic
hypersensitivity reaction has the patient developed?
Type III
Type II
Type I
Type IV
5. Symptoms of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) may include:
proteinuria indicating renal problem
"butterfly' rash across cheeks
photosensitivity to sunlight
all of the above
6. If a patient develops aplastic anemia after being treated with antibiotics, what
would be an important consideration for their future treatment?
Increasing the dosage of antibiotics.
Avoiding antibiotics that are known to cause aplastic anemia.
Continuing the same antibiotic treatment regardless of symptoms.
Switching to a different class of antibiotics without caution.
7. What is a common condition associated with chronic bronchitis?
Pneumonia
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Lung cancer
, Asthma
8. Describe the significance of identifying Stage B heart failure in patients.
Identifying Stage B heart failure indicates that the patient is at the end
stage of heart disease.
Identifying Stage B heart failure is crucial because it allows for early
intervention to prevent progression to symptomatic heart failure.
Identifying Stage B heart failure means the patient has fully recovered
from heart disease.
Identifying Stage B heart failure is not important as it does not affect
treatment options.
9. A patient with chronic bronchitis is at risk for developing pneumonia due to:
Inability to cough.
Mucus plugs.
Overactive cilia in the lungs.
Hypoxemia.
10. Describe the relationship between folate deficiency and reticulocyte count
in the context of anemia.
Folate deficiency leads to decreased reticulocyte production due
to impaired erythropoiesis.
Folate deficiency causes an increase in reticulocyte count as the
body attempts to compensate.
Folate deficiency only affects white blood cell counts, not
reticulocytes.
Folate deficiency has no effect on reticulocyte count.
, 11. What lung volume measurement is typically associated with air trapping in
patients with COPD?
Vital Capacity (VC)
Residual Volume (RV)
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
Tidal Volume (TV)
12. What would result if an individual had a congenital deficiency of transferrin?
decreased storage of iron in organs
reduced absorption of iron
severe anemia
increased excretion of iron
13. What is a common example of a primary immunodeficiency disorder?
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Rheumatoid Arthritis
14. Which is true of autoimmune diseases?
they are caused by the innate immune system
they involve T cells but not B cells
they involve B cells but not T cells
they are caused by the adaptive immune system
