NR 507 Final Exam: Advanced Pathophysiology 2026 |
Complete Q&A Study Guide
1. In Addison's, signs and symptoms may include
Hyponatraemia
Hyperkalemia
Dehydration
Hypotension
All of the above
2. What is the GFR range that indicates Stage 1 chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
60 to 89
30 to 59
90 to 120
Less than 15
3. A patient in the diuretic stage of acute renal failure is experiencing increased
urine output. What clinical implications should the healthcare provider
monitor?
Increased protein levels
Decreased blood pressure
Electrolyte imbalances
Fluid retention
,4. If a patient presents with symptoms of renal colic but has a negative
ultrasound for kidney stones, what would be the next best step in imaging to
confirm the diagnosis?
Blood test
MRI
X-ray
CT scan
5. Which of the following is a common risk factor associated with multiple
sclerosis?
Genetic predisposition
Diabetes mellitus
Chronic kidney disease
High blood pressure
6. What medical condition is Kernig's sign primarily associated with?
Hyperthyroidism
Kidney stones
Meningitis
Chronic kidney disease
7. Describe the significance of Trousseau's sign in clinical practice.
Trousseau's sign is unrelated to electrolyte imbalances.
Trousseau's sign is a symptom of hyperthyroidism.
Trousseau's sign is used to diagnose chronic kidney disease.
, Trousseau's sign indicates the presence of hypocalcemia and is
used to assess calcium levels in patients.
8. Insulin promotes the following:
glucose production
glucose uptake via SGLT-2
induction of PEPCK
glucose uptake via glut-4
9. CKD stage 3 corresponds to a glomerular filtration rate of:
90-130 mL/min
60-89 mL/min
30-59 mL/min
15-29 mL/min
10. Describe the potential neurological deficits that may result from an infarct in
the anterior cerebral artery.
An infarct in the anterior cerebral artery can lead to motor and
sensory deficits, particularly affecting the lower limbs.
An infarct in the anterior cerebral artery causes only cognitive
impairments.
An infarct in the anterior cerebral artery has no significant
neurological effects.
An infarct in the anterior cerebral artery primarily affects vision and
speech.
, 11. Describe the significance of calcium oxalate in the formation of kidney
stones.
Calcium oxalate stones are primarily caused by bacterial infections.
Calcium oxalate stones are less common than uric acid stones.
Calcium oxalate is a rare type of kidney stone that does not affect
most patients.
Calcium oxalate is significant because it is the most common type
of kidney stone, often forming due to high levels of calcium and
oxalate in the urine.
12. If a patient with known adrenal insufficiency presents with confusion and low
blood pressure, what condition should be suspected?
Addisonian crisis
Hyperthyroid storm
Acute renal failure
Diabetic ketoacidosis
13. If a patient presents with Chovstek's sign, what would be the most
appropriate initial diagnostic test to confirm the suspected condition?
Thyroid function tests
Serum calcium level test
CT scan of the abdomen
Urinalysis
14. Symptoms that a patient may need more dialysis time include:
anorexia, fatigue, swelling
Complete Q&A Study Guide
1. In Addison's, signs and symptoms may include
Hyponatraemia
Hyperkalemia
Dehydration
Hypotension
All of the above
2. What is the GFR range that indicates Stage 1 chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
60 to 89
30 to 59
90 to 120
Less than 15
3. A patient in the diuretic stage of acute renal failure is experiencing increased
urine output. What clinical implications should the healthcare provider
monitor?
Increased protein levels
Decreased blood pressure
Electrolyte imbalances
Fluid retention
,4. If a patient presents with symptoms of renal colic but has a negative
ultrasound for kidney stones, what would be the next best step in imaging to
confirm the diagnosis?
Blood test
MRI
X-ray
CT scan
5. Which of the following is a common risk factor associated with multiple
sclerosis?
Genetic predisposition
Diabetes mellitus
Chronic kidney disease
High blood pressure
6. What medical condition is Kernig's sign primarily associated with?
Hyperthyroidism
Kidney stones
Meningitis
Chronic kidney disease
7. Describe the significance of Trousseau's sign in clinical practice.
Trousseau's sign is unrelated to electrolyte imbalances.
Trousseau's sign is a symptom of hyperthyroidism.
Trousseau's sign is used to diagnose chronic kidney disease.
, Trousseau's sign indicates the presence of hypocalcemia and is
used to assess calcium levels in patients.
8. Insulin promotes the following:
glucose production
glucose uptake via SGLT-2
induction of PEPCK
glucose uptake via glut-4
9. CKD stage 3 corresponds to a glomerular filtration rate of:
90-130 mL/min
60-89 mL/min
30-59 mL/min
15-29 mL/min
10. Describe the potential neurological deficits that may result from an infarct in
the anterior cerebral artery.
An infarct in the anterior cerebral artery can lead to motor and
sensory deficits, particularly affecting the lower limbs.
An infarct in the anterior cerebral artery causes only cognitive
impairments.
An infarct in the anterior cerebral artery has no significant
neurological effects.
An infarct in the anterior cerebral artery primarily affects vision and
speech.
, 11. Describe the significance of calcium oxalate in the formation of kidney
stones.
Calcium oxalate stones are primarily caused by bacterial infections.
Calcium oxalate stones are less common than uric acid stones.
Calcium oxalate is a rare type of kidney stone that does not affect
most patients.
Calcium oxalate is significant because it is the most common type
of kidney stone, often forming due to high levels of calcium and
oxalate in the urine.
12. If a patient with known adrenal insufficiency presents with confusion and low
blood pressure, what condition should be suspected?
Addisonian crisis
Hyperthyroid storm
Acute renal failure
Diabetic ketoacidosis
13. If a patient presents with Chovstek's sign, what would be the most
appropriate initial diagnostic test to confirm the suspected condition?
Thyroid function tests
Serum calcium level test
CT scan of the abdomen
Urinalysis
14. Symptoms that a patient may need more dialysis time include:
anorexia, fatigue, swelling
