UCF Biomedical Sciences Exit Comprehensive Resource To Help You Ace 2026-2027 Exams
Includes Frequently Tested Questions With ELABORATED 100% Correct COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Guaranteed Pass First Attempt!! Current Update!!
1. nucleus present in enclosed membrane
2. membrane bound organelles (ex. mitochondria or ER)
3. Large ribosomal subunit (80S: 60S + 40S subunits)
Eukaryotic Cells general facts 4. linear and mutiple chromosomes
5. Cell division via mitosis and meisosi
6. Cell wall composed of cellulose or chitin in plants/fungi
7. typically larger
1. Absent nucleus
2. no membrane-bound orgnalles
3. smaller ribosomal subunit (70S: 50S and 30S subunits)
prokaryotic cells general facts 4. circular, usually one chromsome
5. cell dvision via binary fission
6. cell wall composed of peptidogylcan (if present)
7. typically smaller
1. cell wall contains peptidogylcan
2. membrane lipids are fatty acids with ester bonds.
Eubacteria (true bacteria) general facts
3. found in diverse environments
4. can cause disease in humans
1. Cell wall has no peptidoglycan, uses pseudopeptido-
gylcan
2. membrane lipids are branched isoprene chains with
Archaea general facts
ether bonds.
3. found in extreme environments (salt, heat)
4. not known to be pathogenic
survival mechanism for bacteria in harsh conditions like
endospores function
desiccation, heat or UV
contains DNA, a tough or thick protein coat, and dehydrat-
endospores structure
ed cytosplams
example of endospores Bacillus and Clostridium species form this
, UCF Biomedical Sciences Exit Comprehensive Resource To Help You Ace 2026-2027 Exams
Includes Frequently Tested Questions With ELABORATED 100% Correct COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Guaranteed Pass First Attempt!! Current Update!!
protection against phagocytosis and desiccation; aids in
Capsules funciton
attachment to surface
Capsules structure gelatinous outer layer of polysaccharides or proteins
examples of Capsules Streptococcus pneumoniae uses a this for virulence
flagella function enables motility by propelling the cell
flagella structure long, whip-like appendage made of flagellin prokaryotes
example of flagella E. Coli uses this for chemotaxis
1. cell wall contains a thick peptidoglycan layer with tei-
choic acids
gram positive bacteria general facts 2. Stains purple and retains crystal violet
3. Outer membrane absent along with periplasmic space
4. examples Staphyloccouccus or Bacillus
1. Cell wall has thin peptidoglycan layer and outer mem-
brane with Lipoplysaccharides (LPS)
Gram negative bacteria general facts 2. stains pink
3. outer membrane present along with periplasmic space
4. examples E. Coli or Salmonella
1. provide shape/structure
2. protects from osmotic pressure (water) and mechanical
damage.
cell wall functions 3. aids in attachment to other cells/surfaces
4. selective barrier which regulates the passage of mol-
ecules, especially in gram neg bacteria with their outer
membrane.
cell are metabollically active but not dividing as they adapt
Lag Phase of growth
to new conditions
log (exponential) phase of growth
, rapid cell divison occurs, the population doubles at a
constant rate, growth is influenced by environmental con-
ditions and nutrient availability
slows due to nutrient depletion or accumulation of waste
stationary phase of growth
products, number of cells equal the number of dying cells
cells die at an exponential rate due to toxic conditions or
death (decline) phase of growth
lack of nutrients
a process of asexual reproduction where the cell dupli-
binary fission
cates its DNA, elongates, and divides into two equal halves
autotrophs use CO2 as energy source
heterotrophs use organic molecules as energy source
aerobic respiration oxygen serves as final electron acceptor
anaerobic respiration uses other molecules like nitrate or sulfate
fermenation organic molecules act as both donors and acceptors
1. DNA or RNA
2. subunits are nucelotides
3. phosphodiester bonds
Nucleic acid general facts
4. stores genetic information (DNA) or protein synthesis
(RNA)
5. sequence of nucleotides determines genetic code
1. 3D structures, primary, secondary (alpha-helices and
beta sheets), teritary and quaternary
2. amino acids are subunits
proteins general facts 3. peptide bonds
4. functions in catalysis (via enzymes), structure, signaling,
and transport
5. shape determines specific binding and activity
lipids general facts
Includes Frequently Tested Questions With ELABORATED 100% Correct COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Guaranteed Pass First Attempt!! Current Update!!
1. nucleus present in enclosed membrane
2. membrane bound organelles (ex. mitochondria or ER)
3. Large ribosomal subunit (80S: 60S + 40S subunits)
Eukaryotic Cells general facts 4. linear and mutiple chromosomes
5. Cell division via mitosis and meisosi
6. Cell wall composed of cellulose or chitin in plants/fungi
7. typically larger
1. Absent nucleus
2. no membrane-bound orgnalles
3. smaller ribosomal subunit (70S: 50S and 30S subunits)
prokaryotic cells general facts 4. circular, usually one chromsome
5. cell dvision via binary fission
6. cell wall composed of peptidogylcan (if present)
7. typically smaller
1. cell wall contains peptidogylcan
2. membrane lipids are fatty acids with ester bonds.
Eubacteria (true bacteria) general facts
3. found in diverse environments
4. can cause disease in humans
1. Cell wall has no peptidoglycan, uses pseudopeptido-
gylcan
2. membrane lipids are branched isoprene chains with
Archaea general facts
ether bonds.
3. found in extreme environments (salt, heat)
4. not known to be pathogenic
survival mechanism for bacteria in harsh conditions like
endospores function
desiccation, heat or UV
contains DNA, a tough or thick protein coat, and dehydrat-
endospores structure
ed cytosplams
example of endospores Bacillus and Clostridium species form this
, UCF Biomedical Sciences Exit Comprehensive Resource To Help You Ace 2026-2027 Exams
Includes Frequently Tested Questions With ELABORATED 100% Correct COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Guaranteed Pass First Attempt!! Current Update!!
protection against phagocytosis and desiccation; aids in
Capsules funciton
attachment to surface
Capsules structure gelatinous outer layer of polysaccharides or proteins
examples of Capsules Streptococcus pneumoniae uses a this for virulence
flagella function enables motility by propelling the cell
flagella structure long, whip-like appendage made of flagellin prokaryotes
example of flagella E. Coli uses this for chemotaxis
1. cell wall contains a thick peptidoglycan layer with tei-
choic acids
gram positive bacteria general facts 2. Stains purple and retains crystal violet
3. Outer membrane absent along with periplasmic space
4. examples Staphyloccouccus or Bacillus
1. Cell wall has thin peptidoglycan layer and outer mem-
brane with Lipoplysaccharides (LPS)
Gram negative bacteria general facts 2. stains pink
3. outer membrane present along with periplasmic space
4. examples E. Coli or Salmonella
1. provide shape/structure
2. protects from osmotic pressure (water) and mechanical
damage.
cell wall functions 3. aids in attachment to other cells/surfaces
4. selective barrier which regulates the passage of mol-
ecules, especially in gram neg bacteria with their outer
membrane.
cell are metabollically active but not dividing as they adapt
Lag Phase of growth
to new conditions
log (exponential) phase of growth
, rapid cell divison occurs, the population doubles at a
constant rate, growth is influenced by environmental con-
ditions and nutrient availability
slows due to nutrient depletion or accumulation of waste
stationary phase of growth
products, number of cells equal the number of dying cells
cells die at an exponential rate due to toxic conditions or
death (decline) phase of growth
lack of nutrients
a process of asexual reproduction where the cell dupli-
binary fission
cates its DNA, elongates, and divides into two equal halves
autotrophs use CO2 as energy source
heterotrophs use organic molecules as energy source
aerobic respiration oxygen serves as final electron acceptor
anaerobic respiration uses other molecules like nitrate or sulfate
fermenation organic molecules act as both donors and acceptors
1. DNA or RNA
2. subunits are nucelotides
3. phosphodiester bonds
Nucleic acid general facts
4. stores genetic information (DNA) or protein synthesis
(RNA)
5. sequence of nucleotides determines genetic code
1. 3D structures, primary, secondary (alpha-helices and
beta sheets), teritary and quaternary
2. amino acids are subunits
proteins general facts 3. peptide bonds
4. functions in catalysis (via enzymes), structure, signaling,
and transport
5. shape determines specific binding and activity
lipids general facts
