Nurs 5315: Adv Patho
Comprehensive Resource To Help You Ace 2026-2027 Exams
Includes Frequently Tested Questions With ELABORATED
100% Correct COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Guaranteed Pass First Attempt!! Current Update!!
1. Necrosis - Correct Answer: spectrum of cell changes after the cell dies
2. Infarct - Correct Answer: necrosis which results from sudden
insufficiency of arterial blood flow
3. 5 Types of Necrosis - Correct Answer: coagulative, liquefactive, caseous,
fat, gangrenous
4. Coagulative - Correct Answer: occurs in the kidneys, heart, and adrenal
glands most commonly secondary to hypoxia (caused by protein
denaturation, tissue firm and slightly swollen)
5. Liquefactive - Correct Answer: nerve cell necrosis
6. Caseous - Correct Answer: necrosis specific to lung tissue and occurs in
TB. Dead cells disintegrate, but the debris is not digested completely by
hydrolyses, appearance resembles clumped cheese
,7. Fat - Correct Answer: necrosis breast, pancreas and other abdominal
structures
8. wet gangrene - Correct Answer: develops when neutrophils invade the
site, causing liquefactive necrosis
9. Gangrenous - Correct Answer: tissue death resulting from severe tissue
hypoxia
10.dry gangrene - Correct Answer: result of coagulative necrosis
11.Role of the hepatocytes - Correct Answer: liver cell, ketogenesis occurs
in the mitochondria of the hepatocyte result of unavailability of glucose
12.Role of the mitochondria - Correct Answer: Ketogenesis is the formation
of ketone bodies and occurs mostly in the mitochondria of the hepatocytes
(liver cells)
13.Triggers for ketogenesis - Correct Answer: lack of glucose
-occur from the depletion of carbohydrate stores or may occur bc the cell is not
able to use glucose but the individual is hyperglycemic (type 2 DM)
,14.Role of Acetyl-CoA - Correct Answer: processed by hepatocytes and
undergoes transformation to 3 ketone bodies: Acetoacetate, Acetone and
B-hydroxybutyrate (basis of ketoacidosis)
-States of starvation or uncontrolled DM, cells do not receive enough
glucose to produce energy, resulting in acceleration of the B-oxidation cycle
and increasing oxidation of fatty acids or energy. B-oxidation cycle results in
formation of acetyl-CoA
15.Effect on oxaloacetate - Correct Answer: Oxaloacetate is also used in
gluconeogenesis, during starvation & uncontrolled DM oxaloacetate levels
are insufficient due to gluconeogenesis... this depletion furthers the
amount of acetyl-CoA
16.Gout Etiology - Correct Answer: over accumulation or under secretion
of uric acid
17.Gout Clinical Manifestations - Correct Answer: Use of diuretics bc they
trigger kidneys to increase the absorption of uric acid. The liver may
produce more huric acid if a diet high in red meat, cream sauces, or red
wines bc they are high in purines.
18.Gout Pathophysiology - Correct Answer: Increase in purine degradation
which leads to increased amounts of uric acid. Uric acid is a byproduct of
purine degradation, accumulation of uric not excreted by the kidneys lead
to increased UA in the kidney, heart, earlobes and joints. Inflammation
process is triggered and the right great toe is most commonly affected, but
it can affect any joint.
, 19.Rhabdomyolysis Pathophysiology - Correct Answer: hypoxia to cell
causes failure of the Na-K pump, causing accumulation of intracellular
sodium, oncosis, and eventual cell death. Cell death releases enzymes such
as CK, uric acid, LDH, AST, etc.
20.Alpha Fetoprotein (AFP) - Correct Answer: Liver and germ cell tumors
21.Carcinoembryonic Antigen CEA - Correct Answer: GI, pancreas, lung,
breast, ect tumors
22.Beta Human Chorionic gonadotropin B-hCG origin - Correct Answer:
Germ cell tumors
23.Prostate Specific Antigen PSA - Correct Answer: Prostate tumors
24.Carcino- (prefix) - Correct Answer: arise from epithelial tissue
25.Sarco- (prefix) - Correct Answer: connective tissue (muscle and bone
tissue)
26.malignant cancers of the skeletal muscle are known as rhabdomyosarcomas
gilomas - Correct Answer: tissue of the brain and spinal cord
adeno (prefix) - Correct Answer: arise from ductal or glandular structures
Comprehensive Resource To Help You Ace 2026-2027 Exams
Includes Frequently Tested Questions With ELABORATED
100% Correct COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Guaranteed Pass First Attempt!! Current Update!!
1. Necrosis - Correct Answer: spectrum of cell changes after the cell dies
2. Infarct - Correct Answer: necrosis which results from sudden
insufficiency of arterial blood flow
3. 5 Types of Necrosis - Correct Answer: coagulative, liquefactive, caseous,
fat, gangrenous
4. Coagulative - Correct Answer: occurs in the kidneys, heart, and adrenal
glands most commonly secondary to hypoxia (caused by protein
denaturation, tissue firm and slightly swollen)
5. Liquefactive - Correct Answer: nerve cell necrosis
6. Caseous - Correct Answer: necrosis specific to lung tissue and occurs in
TB. Dead cells disintegrate, but the debris is not digested completely by
hydrolyses, appearance resembles clumped cheese
,7. Fat - Correct Answer: necrosis breast, pancreas and other abdominal
structures
8. wet gangrene - Correct Answer: develops when neutrophils invade the
site, causing liquefactive necrosis
9. Gangrenous - Correct Answer: tissue death resulting from severe tissue
hypoxia
10.dry gangrene - Correct Answer: result of coagulative necrosis
11.Role of the hepatocytes - Correct Answer: liver cell, ketogenesis occurs
in the mitochondria of the hepatocyte result of unavailability of glucose
12.Role of the mitochondria - Correct Answer: Ketogenesis is the formation
of ketone bodies and occurs mostly in the mitochondria of the hepatocytes
(liver cells)
13.Triggers for ketogenesis - Correct Answer: lack of glucose
-occur from the depletion of carbohydrate stores or may occur bc the cell is not
able to use glucose but the individual is hyperglycemic (type 2 DM)
,14.Role of Acetyl-CoA - Correct Answer: processed by hepatocytes and
undergoes transformation to 3 ketone bodies: Acetoacetate, Acetone and
B-hydroxybutyrate (basis of ketoacidosis)
-States of starvation or uncontrolled DM, cells do not receive enough
glucose to produce energy, resulting in acceleration of the B-oxidation cycle
and increasing oxidation of fatty acids or energy. B-oxidation cycle results in
formation of acetyl-CoA
15.Effect on oxaloacetate - Correct Answer: Oxaloacetate is also used in
gluconeogenesis, during starvation & uncontrolled DM oxaloacetate levels
are insufficient due to gluconeogenesis... this depletion furthers the
amount of acetyl-CoA
16.Gout Etiology - Correct Answer: over accumulation or under secretion
of uric acid
17.Gout Clinical Manifestations - Correct Answer: Use of diuretics bc they
trigger kidneys to increase the absorption of uric acid. The liver may
produce more huric acid if a diet high in red meat, cream sauces, or red
wines bc they are high in purines.
18.Gout Pathophysiology - Correct Answer: Increase in purine degradation
which leads to increased amounts of uric acid. Uric acid is a byproduct of
purine degradation, accumulation of uric not excreted by the kidneys lead
to increased UA in the kidney, heart, earlobes and joints. Inflammation
process is triggered and the right great toe is most commonly affected, but
it can affect any joint.
, 19.Rhabdomyolysis Pathophysiology - Correct Answer: hypoxia to cell
causes failure of the Na-K pump, causing accumulation of intracellular
sodium, oncosis, and eventual cell death. Cell death releases enzymes such
as CK, uric acid, LDH, AST, etc.
20.Alpha Fetoprotein (AFP) - Correct Answer: Liver and germ cell tumors
21.Carcinoembryonic Antigen CEA - Correct Answer: GI, pancreas, lung,
breast, ect tumors
22.Beta Human Chorionic gonadotropin B-hCG origin - Correct Answer:
Germ cell tumors
23.Prostate Specific Antigen PSA - Correct Answer: Prostate tumors
24.Carcino- (prefix) - Correct Answer: arise from epithelial tissue
25.Sarco- (prefix) - Correct Answer: connective tissue (muscle and bone
tissue)
26.malignant cancers of the skeletal muscle are known as rhabdomyosarcomas
gilomas - Correct Answer: tissue of the brain and spinal cord
adeno (prefix) - Correct Answer: arise from ductal or glandular structures
