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1. Tryptophan - Correct Answer: Amino acid precursor of serotonin.
2. Pain modulation - Correct Answer: Serotonin influences pain perception in the spinal
cord.
3. Nociceptive pain - Correct Answer: Pain from tissue damage, modulated by
serotonin.
4. Neuropathic pain - Correct Answer: Nerve-related pain, influenced by serotonin
levels.
5. Sleep-wake cycles - Correct Answer: Serotonin regulates transitions between sleep
stages.
6. Mood regulation - Correct Answer: Serotonin promotes feelings of well-being and
happiness.
7. Excitatory neurotransmitter - Correct Answer: Neurotransmitter that increases
likelihood of neuron firing.
8. Glutamate - Correct Answer: Most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS.
,9. Synaptic integration - Correct Answer: Glutamate integrates synaptic activity across
neurons.
10. Learning and memory - Correct Answer: Processes significantly influenced by
glutamate activity.
11. Ionotropic receptors - Correct Answer: Receptors linked to ion channels for fast
transmission.
12. AMPA receptors - Correct Answer: Mediate fast excitatory transmission, allowing Na⁺
influx.
13. NMDA receptors - Correct Answer: Involved in synaptic plasticity, allowing Ca²⁺ entry.
14. Kainate receptors - Correct Answer: Provide excitatory signals in synaptic
transmission.
15. Depolarization - Correct Answer: Process increasing likelihood of action potential
firing.
16. Dysregulation of serotonin - Correct Answer: Imbalance linked to mood disorders
like depression.
17. Descending pain-inhibitory pathways - Correct Answer: Pathways enhanced by
serotonin to reduce pain perception.
,18. Excitatory effects of serotonin - Correct Answer: Promotes alertness and vigilance in
wakefulness.
19. Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors - Correct Answer: G-protein coupled receptors
modulating neuronal excitability.
20. Neuronal Excitability - Correct Answer: Ability of neurons to fire action potentials.
21. Synaptic Plasticity - Correct Answer: Changes in synapse strength affecting
communication.
22. Glycine - Correct Answer: Inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
23. Glycine Functions - Correct Answer: Regulates motor control and sensory processing.
24. Glycine Receptors - Correct Answer: Ionotropic receptors opening chloride channels.
25. Chloride Ion Channels - Correct Answer: Allow Cl⁻ influx, causing hyperpolarization.
26. Hyperpolarization - Correct Answer: Increased negativity inside neuron, reducing
action potential.
27. GABA - Correct Answer: Main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS.
28. GABA Functions - Correct Answer: Regulates neuronal excitability and promotes
relaxation.
, 29. GABA_A Receptors - Correct Answer: Ionotropic receptors mediating rapid inhibitory
effects.
30. GABA_B Receptors - Correct Answer: Metabotropic receptors mediating slower
inhibitory effects.
Potassium Channels - Correct Answer: Influenced by GABA_B receptors for inhibitory
signaling.
Calcium Channels - Correct Answer: Inhibited by GABA_B receptors, affecting
neurotransmitter release.
Integration of Signals - Correct Answer: Balancing excitatory and inhibitory inputs in the
CNS.
Motor Neurons - Correct Answer: Inhibited by glycine in the spinal cord.
Reflex Modulation - Correct Answer: Glycine's role in controlling reflex actions.
Sedation - Correct Answer: Effect mediated by GABA_A receptor activation.
Anxiety Disorders - Correct Answer: Caused by hyperactivity in neural circuits.
Homeostasis in CNS - Correct Answer: Maintaining balance between excitation and
inhibition.