NR283 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1
EXAM WITH ACTUAL CORRECT
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED DETAILED
ANSWERS|FREQUENTLY TESTED
QUESTIONS|NEWST|GUARANTEED
PASS 2026/2027
Exhaustion
Depletion of resources → disease.
Long-Term Stress Effects
HTN, heart disease. Ulcers, infections. Fatigue, depression. Impaired wound healing.
Technostress
Stress caused by overreliance on technology.
Chemical hazards
Lead, mercury, pesticides, asbestos.
Physical hazards
Radiation, heat/cold extremes, noise.
Biological hazards
Bites, rabies, malaria, Lyme disease.
Food/Waterborne hazards
E. coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus, botulism.
Lead Poisoning Signs
Irritability, headache, abdominal pain, anemia, developmental delays in children.
Lead Poisoning Complications
Neurologic damage, kidney dysfunction.
Benign Tumors
Growth is slow, well-differentiated, localized, rare systemic effects, and rare life-threatening.
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, Malignant Tumors
Growth is rapid, undifferentiated, invasive, common systemic effects (fatigue, weight loss), and often
life-threatening.
Hallmarks of Cancer
No apoptosis, no contact inhibition, invasion of tissues, angiogenesis (new blood vessels).
Warning Signs of Cancer (CAUTION)
Change in bowel/bladder habits, a sore that doesn't heal, unusual bleeding/discharge, thickening/lump,
indigestion/difficulty swallowing, obvious mole change, nagging cough/hoarseness.
Systemic Effects of Cancer
Weight loss, cachexia, fatigue, anemia, infections, bleeding, paraneoplastic syndromes (hormone-like
secretions).
Cancer Staging (TNM)
T: Tumor size, N: Node involvement, M: Metastasis. Example: T2N1M0 = medium tumor, 1 node, no
metastasis.
Carcinogenesis Stages
Initiation (DNA mutation), Promotion (exposure to promoters, hormones), Progression (malignant
tumor growth).
Malnutrition in Cancer
Tumors compete for nutrients; treatments cause anorexia, mouth sores, nausea/vomiting.
Allele
Gene variant.
Genotype
Genetic info.
Phenotype
Physical traits.
Mutation
Change in genetic material.
Teratogen
Substance causing fetal abnormalities (alcohol, drugs, radiation, infections).
Trisomy
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EXAM WITH ACTUAL CORRECT
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED DETAILED
ANSWERS|FREQUENTLY TESTED
QUESTIONS|NEWST|GUARANTEED
PASS 2026/2027
Exhaustion
Depletion of resources → disease.
Long-Term Stress Effects
HTN, heart disease. Ulcers, infections. Fatigue, depression. Impaired wound healing.
Technostress
Stress caused by overreliance on technology.
Chemical hazards
Lead, mercury, pesticides, asbestos.
Physical hazards
Radiation, heat/cold extremes, noise.
Biological hazards
Bites, rabies, malaria, Lyme disease.
Food/Waterborne hazards
E. coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus, botulism.
Lead Poisoning Signs
Irritability, headache, abdominal pain, anemia, developmental delays in children.
Lead Poisoning Complications
Neurologic damage, kidney dysfunction.
Benign Tumors
Growth is slow, well-differentiated, localized, rare systemic effects, and rare life-threatening.
1|Page
, Malignant Tumors
Growth is rapid, undifferentiated, invasive, common systemic effects (fatigue, weight loss), and often
life-threatening.
Hallmarks of Cancer
No apoptosis, no contact inhibition, invasion of tissues, angiogenesis (new blood vessels).
Warning Signs of Cancer (CAUTION)
Change in bowel/bladder habits, a sore that doesn't heal, unusual bleeding/discharge, thickening/lump,
indigestion/difficulty swallowing, obvious mole change, nagging cough/hoarseness.
Systemic Effects of Cancer
Weight loss, cachexia, fatigue, anemia, infections, bleeding, paraneoplastic syndromes (hormone-like
secretions).
Cancer Staging (TNM)
T: Tumor size, N: Node involvement, M: Metastasis. Example: T2N1M0 = medium tumor, 1 node, no
metastasis.
Carcinogenesis Stages
Initiation (DNA mutation), Promotion (exposure to promoters, hormones), Progression (malignant
tumor growth).
Malnutrition in Cancer
Tumors compete for nutrients; treatments cause anorexia, mouth sores, nausea/vomiting.
Allele
Gene variant.
Genotype
Genetic info.
Phenotype
Physical traits.
Mutation
Change in genetic material.
Teratogen
Substance causing fetal abnormalities (alcohol, drugs, radiation, infections).
Trisomy
2|Page
